61 results about "Chiral induction" patented technology

The invention relates to a high-efficiency preparation method of a Ritlecitinib key intermediate, which comprises the following steps: reacting (2S)-1-substituent-2-methylpiperidine-5-ketone with 4-amino-7H-pyrrolo [2, 3, d] pyrimidine to form imine, and carrying out chiral induction on the imine in the presence of a reducing agent to obtain a single chiral 4-(N-((3R, 3R)-4-(4-((3R, 3R)-4-(4-amino-7H-pyrrolo [2, 3, d] pyrimidine-5-ketone)-4-amino-7H-pyrrolo [2, 3, d] pyrimidine-5-ketone)-4-amino-7H-pyrrolo [2, the preparation method comprises the following steps: adding 2-(2, 6, 6, 6, 6-tetramethylpiperidine-3-yl)) amino-7H-pyrrolo [2, 3, d] pyrimidine into a reaction kettle, and carrying out deprotection to obtain a target product. Compared with the existing method, the method has the characteristics of short synthetic route, good selectivity, easiness in industrialization and the like.

The present invention designs a method for preparing a key intermediate of synthetic boceprevir, namely a chiral pyrrolidone derivative, through catalytic hydrogenation. Specifically, it involves the use of substrate chiral induction by adjusting and modifying the substituents of the substrate to achieve the asymmetric catalytic hydrogenation of dihydropyrrolidone by a metal catalyst. The advantages of the present invention are that the process route is simple and feasible, the yield is high, the cost is low, and it is easy to industrialize production, etc.

The invention discloses a green synthesis process of non-steroidal loxoprofen sodium, and relates to the field of loxoprofen sodium synthesis. A water / organic two-phase free radical bromination and functionalized Pd-Ru / NH2-ZIF-8 catalysis one-step hydrogenation degreasing-tert-butyl ester removal path is adopted. The catalyst is modified by a thiol ligand and cooperates with a chiral inducer to construct a Pd-Ru bimetallic active site, so that the product purity and the product yield are effectively improved, and the catalyst can be repeatedly used. The method is environment-friendly and efficient in process and suitable for industrial application.

The invention relates to the technical field of preparation of small molecule compound medicines, in particular to a preparation method of (S)-flurbiprofen. The method comprises the following steps: dropwise adding a tetrahydrofuran solution of 4-bromo-2-fluorobiphenyl into a mixture of tetrahydrofuran and magnesium, and reacting to generate a Grignard reagent; mixing tetrahydrofuran, (S)-vinyl chloride oxide and ferric acetylacetonate, dropwise adding the Grignard reagent, performing acidolysis ring opening, and performing methylation with methyl iodide and magnesium iodide to obtain an alpha-hydroxyl aromatic carboxylic acid derivative; and reacting with sodium chlorite, nitroxide free radicals and acetonitrile, and oxidizing to obtain the (S)-flurbiprofen. By introducing a chiral induction unit, effective transmission of chiral information is realized in a coupling stage, an original chiral center is not destroyed in a subsequent reaction, and a product is ensured to have a highly consistent configuration. According to the scheme, the technical problem that a method capable of remarkably improving the optical purity and yield of (S)-flurbiprofen is lacked in the prior art can be solved, and the method has good environmental friendliness and industrial application prospects.

The objective of the present invention is to provide a circularly polarized luminescent material of a tetradentate cyclometallated platinum(II) and palladium(II) complex that induces helical asymmetry from central asymmetry, and applications thereof. The present invention discloses a circularly polarized luminescent material of a complex of tetradentate cyclometalated platinum(II) and palladium(II) that induces helical chirality from central chirality and its application. The helical chiral metal complex molecule is a centrally chiral fragment L in a tetradentate ligand. a The tetradentate ligand can be spontaneously induced to coordinate with the metal ion in a manner with little steric hindrance via the above reaction to form an optically pure circularly polarized luminescent material, without the need for chiral resolution. The material has high chemical and thermal stability and has important applications in circularly polarized light-emitting devices.

The present invention relates to the technical field of the preparation of circularly polarized luminescent materials, and particularly relates to a central chirality-induced helical chirality tetradentate cyclometalated platinum(II) complex, an electronic device and applications thereof. The central chirality-induced helical chirality tetradentate cyclometalated platinum(II) complex provided by the present invention has a general formula structure as shown in formula (I) or (I'), wherein (I) and (I') are enantiomers of each other: the helical chiral metal complex molecule can autonomously induce the entire tetradentate ligand to coordinate with metal ions in a manner with small steric hindrance through the central chiral fragment L<supgt;a< / supgt; in the tetradentate ligand, forming an optically pure helical chiral metal complex circularly polarized luminescent material. There is no need for chiral resolution, and it has high chemical stability, and has important applications in circularly polarized luminescence elements.

The invention provides a superhelical covalent organic framework material with strong circular dichroism and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the field of nano material preparation, 2, 4, 6-triformyl phloroglucinol and a chiral monoamine inducer are dissolved in an organic solvent to obtain a mixed solution; mixing the mixed solution with aminobenzene sulfonate, adding an acetic acid aqueous solution, performing liquid nitrogen freezing-vacuumizing-unfreezing circulation for 3-5 times, sealing the reaction container, and performing constant-temperature reaction for preset time; and after the reaction is finished, collecting a solid product, washing and drying in vacuum to obtain the superhelical covalent organic framework material with strong circular dichroism. The invention provides an interface solvent thermal synthesis strategy, the reaction kinetics is accurately regulated and controlled by utilizing the high immiscibility of super-hydrophilic ionic amine in a water phase and an aldehyde monomer in an organic phase, and the chiral induction and transmission efficiency is remarkably improved. According to the method, amplification of chirality of chiral inducer molecules to mesoscale is realized, and highly ordered superhelical chiral anions COFs are prepared.

The present invention discloses a chiral heteroleptic nine-coordinate rare earth complex and its preparation method and application, belonging to the field of organic luminescent materials. This chiral rare earth complex consists of three anionic coumarin-derived diketone ligands (Coum) ‑ The chiral bis-oxazoline-derived enantiomerically pure ligands 1R,2R-2,6-bis(4-phenyl-2-oxazoline-2-yl)pyridine (1R,2R-Ph-PyBox) or 1S,2S-2,6-bis(4-phenyl-2-oxazoline-2-yl)pyridine (1S,2S-Ph-PyBox) were self-assembled with rare earth ions in alcohol solution. Thanks to the combination of the excellent photophysical properties of the Coum ligand and the strong chiral induction ability of the chiral Chiral-Ph-PyBox ligand, the two Tb 3+ The enantiomers [Tb(Coum)3(1R,2R‑Ph‑PyBox)](2)and[Tb(Coum)3(1S,2S‑Ph‑PyBox)](5) not only achieve bright and high color purity characteristic green emission (Φ PL =74%), and also obtained a strong excited state CPL activity (|g lum |=0.097‑0.103) and significantly enhanced antenna ligand center absorption behavior (ε 320nm =47820-47940M ‑1 cm ‑1 ). Complexes 2 and 5 have magnetic dipoles 5 D4→ 7 The circular polarization brightness at the F5 transition position (B CPL ) can be as high as 1132.7-1205.8M ‑1 cm ‑1 .

The invention discloses a circularly polarized light-emitting diode based on a chiral metasurface and chiral molecular perovskite, and belongs to the technical field of chiral light-emitting diodes. The amorphous silicon layer is provided with a Z-shaped groove array, a perovskite material is filled in a Z-shaped groove, and a corresponding silicon and perovskite layer, namely a chiral metasurface regulation and control light-emitting layer, is formed; the left-hand structure Z-shaped groove is correspondingly filled with a left-hand chiral perovskite material, and the right-hand structure Z-shaped groove is correspondingly filled with a right-hand chiral perovskite material. By using the chiral metasurface of the Z-shaped array structure, the circular dichroism emission of the perovskite fluorescence wave band is realized by adjusting parameters. A chiral structure is combined with perovskite to serve as a light-emitting layer, chiral response of the structure is combined with chiral induced spin selectivity of a chiral perovskite material, and the circular dichroism of a red light LED is enhanced.

Provided are a chiral metal oxide-based water electrolysis electrode, a method for manufacturing same, and a water electrolysis device comprising same. The chiral metal oxide-based water electrolysis electrode includes an L-type or D-type chiral metal oxide disposed on a substrate, and the chiral metal oxide may have chirality-induced spin selectivity. Therefore, when the chiral metal oxide-based water electrolysis electrode is used in a water electrolysis electrode and a water electrolysis device including same, spin polarization can be controlled without an additional external magnetic field, and the efficiency of the electrode and the device can be improved.

Provided are a chiral metal oxide-based anion exchange membrane water electrolysis device and a manufacturing method therefor. The chiral metal oxide-based anion exchange membrane water electrolysis device includes an L-type or D-type chiral metal oxide, which may possess chirality-induced spin selectivity, and thus, when used in a water electrolysis device including same, spin polarization may be controlled without an additional external magnetic field, and the efficiency of an electrode and the device may be improved.

The invention discloses a preparation method and application of a chiral two-dimensional covalent organic framework material. According to the preparation method, chiral precursors R-NEA3, 1, 3, 5-triformyl phloroglucinol and 2, 2 '-bipyridine-5, 5'-diamine are polymerized through a solvothermal method to obtain a chiral two-dimensional COF photocatalytic material BpyR-COF, and then Cu < 2 + > is introduced through impregnation to form the Cu-BpyR-COF composite material. According to the method, chiral induction and a copper (Cu) coordination strategy are combined, so that the selectivity and the stability of photocatalytic reduction of CO2 into ethylene and propylene are remarkably improved. The preparation method is simple in preparation process and low in cost, and has a wide industrial application prospect.

The invention discloses a dicarbazole axially chiral fused ring compound and an organic electroluminescent device thereof, the organic compound has a structure as shown in a general formula I. A 3, 3 '-dicarbazole structural unit is used as a chiral center, a steric hindrance group is introduced to an ortho-position, and the dicarbazole axially chiral fused ring compound has a rigid and stable axially chiral structure, so that chiral induction is enhanced; one or two multi-resonance units are connected to a carbazole amino group, and a highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) are induced to be positioned on different atoms through a multi-resonance effect, so that the bonding / anti-bonding characteristic between the atoms is weakened; the change of electron density between atoms generated by radiative transition from the lowest excited state to the ground state is greatly reduced, so that telescopic vibration is reduced, and narrow spectrum emission is effectively realized; according to the present invention, with the application of the chiral-induced spin selectivity effect in the OLED light-emitting layer, the high EQE and the high circular polarization electroluminescent factor of the corresponding circular polarization electroluminescent OLED can be achieved on the basis of the chiral-induced spin selectivity effect. # imgabs0 #

The invention discloses a preparation method of a tovorafenib intermediate, and belongs to the field of organic synthesis. The tovorafenib intermediate is (R)-2-(1-aminoethyl)-N-(5-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl) pyridine-2-yl) thiazole-5-carboxamide, and the method mainly comprises the following steps: dissolving 2-acetyl-N-(5-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl) pyridine-2-yl) thiazole-5-carboxamide in a solvent, adding p-toluenesulfonic acid, dropwise adding S (-)-alpha-phenylethylamine for reaction, and carrying out column chromatography separation to obtain the tovorafenib intermediate. Recovering the solvent from the product to obtain an oily intermediate; then dropwise adding S (-)-alpha-phenylethylamine, and adding DBU for reaction; and after the reaction is finished, carrying out reduced pressure distillation to recover the S (-)-alpha-phenylethylamine, so as to obtain an oily substance, adding water into the oily substance, and crystallizing, so as to obtain the tovorafenib intermediate. According to the method, S (-)-alpha-phenylethylamine is used as a reactant and a chiral inducer at the same time, p-toluenesulfonic acid is used as a condensation catalyst, and DBU is used for catalyzing epimerization; the theoretical 100% yield is achieved through high-temperature racemization.

The present invention discloses a metal framework luminescence based on lone electron-π interaction and its circularly polarized luminescent crystal material. The metal framework provided by the present invention is prepared by co-assembly with metal ions as shown in Formula I and Formula II or Formula I and Formula III; further, the metal framework and non-chiral molecules or chiral molecules containing lone electrons prepare fluorescent and circularly polarized luminescent materials through host-guest interaction. The present invention first achieves effective fluorescence emission by encapsulating non-chiral guest molecules through the metal framework; and achieves circularly polarized luminescence by encapsulating chiral guest molecules rich in lone electrons. The present invention not only proves that lone electron-π interaction can effectively achieve metal framework fluorescence emission and chirality induction, but also provides a universal method for the development of optical and chiral optical crystal materials.

The present application relates to a kind of chiral imide group covalent organic framework material and its preparation method, belong to covalent organic framework material technical field.The chiral imide group covalent organic framework material of the present application is with imide bond as connecting unit, with higher thermal stability and chemical stability, and the precise construction of framework chirality is realized by chiral induction strategy, to give material clear chiral characteristics, with important application potential in chiral recognition, chiral separation and asymmetric catalysis etc.;Its preparation is with R / S-tetrahydrofuran-2-methyl acid as chiral inducer, isoquinoline as catalyst, imidazole as reaction medium, and imide bond connecting type covalent organic framework material with crystallinity and significant chiral signal can be prepared by solvothermal reaction.

Disclosed in the present invention are a chiral azobenzene polymer crosslinked thin film and preparation method therefor and application thereof. The present invention relates to a novel super-molecular chiral construction and chiral immobilization method based on an achiral side chain type azobenzene polymer thin film. According to the present invention, limonene steam is utilized to perform chiral induction on a polymer thin film at a high temperature, and then formaldehyde steam is utilized to perform acetal reaction with hydroxyl in an acidic environment to achieve crosslinking; and then differences in the stability of the super-molecular chirality of the polymer thin film before and after crosslinking is studied under the conditions of light, heat and good solvent dissolution, and the self-repairing properties of microcosmic helical chirality is researched. The crosslinked thin film prepared by the present invention has good chiral properties, and excellent solvent resistance, heat resistance, and self-repairing properties.

The invention discloses a chiral spiral gold nanorod with {111} crystal face oriented growth and a preparation method of the chiral spiral gold nanorod, and belongs to the technical field of nano materials. According to the chiral spiral gold nanorod, a single-surface gold nanorod is prepared to serve as a gold seed, then a chiral inducer is used for regulating and controlling parameters such as the proportion and concentration of a growth solution and the adding amount of a gold seed solution, and thermodynamics and dynamics of nanogold growth are regulated and controlled so as to promote formation of a spiral chiral structure and reduce generation of impurities; and finally, centrifugally purifying to obtain a high-purity product. The obtained chiral spiral gold nanorod is uniform in size and stable in chiral signal, the surface plasma resonance wavelength can be simply adjusted within the range of 700-900 nm, and the technical problems that in traditional chiral plasma nanostructure preparation, efficiency is low, the structure is unstable, and nanoscale size control is difficult to achieve are solved. The method has wide application value in the fields of chiral sensing, chiral asymmetric catalysis, plasma nano antennas and the like.

The application discloses a preparation method of a metalized chiral COF and application of the metalized chiral COF in electrochemical circular polarization light detection, and the preparation method of the metalized chiral COF comprises the following steps: taking 1,3,5-triformylphloroglucinol, trimethylaniline, a chiral inducer and 2,2'-bipyridine-5,5'-diamine as raw materials, and synthesizing a chiral COF through a solvothermal reaction; then, a coordination reaction is carried out with a metal salt in an alcohol solvent to obtain a metalized chiral COF material; the metalized chiral COF material is used as a photoanode material, spin polarization induced by circular polarization light (CPL) is coupled with a spin-selective oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and a nonlinear characteristic of OER reaction kinetics is used to amplify a micro-spin signal; the material has excellent photoelectric current anisotropy factor (g Iph ) and stability, and solves the problem of low sensitivity of an existing solid-state CPL detector.

The invention relates to the technical field of medicine synthesis, in particular to a synthesis method of remegapam. According to the method, a compound G1 (2-bromo-3-pyridylaldehyde) is taken as a starting raw material, key steps of Suzuki coupling, condensation, asymmetric cross coupling and the like are carried out, traditional chiral resolution is avoided through asymmetric synthesis and chiral induction strategies, and finally, a target product is prepared. The process route is short, the total yield is high, the atom economy is good, and the cost is low.

The invention discloses a chiral metal sulfide nano-material and a preparation method thereof, a plurality of chiral amino acids are used as chiral inducers, and a chiral metal sulfide is synthesized by a one-step method under a hydrothermal reaction condition. Different types of chiral metal sulfide nano materials are obtained by regulating and controlling the types of metal sources, the temperature, the pH value, the types of chiral ligands and the like, and meanwhile, the optically adjustable chiral multi-metal sulfide solid solution is obtained by regulating and controlling the types of multiple metal sources. Different chiral metal sulfides synthesized by the method have good chiral optical activity in a visible light region, have adjustable optical activity, and have relatively high photochemical stability and photoresponsiveness at the same time.

This invention belongs to the field of chromatographic separation materials technology, specifically relating to an amphiphilic carboxylated covalent organic framework composite stationary phase based on a chiral induction strategy and its application in chromatography. The stationary phase uses amino silica gel as a carrier and (R)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine as a chiral inducer. The carboxylated functionalized covalent organic framework generated by the reaction of 2,4,6-tricarboxymethyl phloroglucinol with 4,4-diaminobiphenyl-2,2-dicarboxylic acid is in situ immobilized on the amino silica gel surface. The resulting stationary phase possesses both hydrophilic carboxyl groups and a hydrophobic aromatic skeleton, enabling the separation of hydrophobic and polar compounds in both reversed-phase and hydrophilic chromatographic modes, exhibiting excellent shape selectivity for isomers. This stationary phase features high column efficiency (up to 47,744 columns / meter), low column pressure, and good stability, making it suitable for the efficient separation of polar to nonpolar compounds in complex samples.

The invention discloses a cellulose nanocrystal composite circular polarization phosphorescent material processing device, and relates to the technical field of material processing equipment, the cellulose nanocrystal composite circular polarization phosphorescent material processing device comprises a bottom plate, the top of the bottom plate is provided with a mixing tank; according to the processing device for the cellulose nanocrystal composite circularly polarized phosphorescent material, by arranging the adjustable magnetic intensity monitoring orientation mechanism, precise closed-loop regulation and control of a magnetic field are realized, the oriented magnetic field can guide phosphorescent molecules to be orderly arranged along with a spiral structure of a CNC (Computer Numerical Control) matrix, and the performance of the circularly polarized phosphorescent material of a composite system is improved; the problems that in the processing process of an existing cellulose nanocrystal composite circularly polarized phosphorescent material, a targeted orientation regulation and control part is lacked, phosphorescent molecules are difficult to realize ordered arrangement along with spiral orientation of a CNC matrix, but random dispersion, local agglomeration or disordered orientation occurs, and further, the chiral induction effect of CNC cannot be fully utilized, so that the phosphorescent molecules are difficult to be arranged in order, and the production cost is low are solved. The circular polarization response synergism of phosphorescent molecules in a composite system is insufficient, and the CPL performance is relatively low.

The present invention belongs to the technical field of pharmaceutical synthesis, and particularly relates to a rotigotine intermediate, a preparation method thereof and an application. The rotigotine intermediate has a structure shown in Formula 1 and / or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:. The preparation method provided by the present invention uses inexpensive and easily available synthetic raw materials, innovatively uses chiral 2-amino-2-aryl acetate as a starting material, and prepares a rotigotine intermediate with high optical purity by means of chiral induction. Rotigotine is prepared from the intermediate, the reaction conditions are mild, the optical purity of the target compound is high, the experimental operation is simple and safe, the environmental pollution is small, and it is more suitable for industrial production.

The invention belongs to the technical field of polarized light-emitting materials, and particularly relates to a chiral perovskite thin film, a preparation method and a circularly polarized light-emitting diode device. Phenylalanine hydrochloride is used as a raw material, a phenylalanine hydrochloride solution and a tetrafluoroborate solution are mixed, an ion exchange reaction is carried out, a chiral compound with tetrafluoroborate as anions and phenylalanine as cations is formed, and a pseudo-halogen substituted chiral ligand is obtained; an anti-solvent is utilized to introduce a pseudo-halogen substituted chiral ligand into a perovskite precursor solution, and a layer of chiral perovskite film is formed on a perovskite interface, so that spin-polarized carriers are selectively and effectively injected by utilizing chiral induced spin, and are compounded in a device to generate circular polarization luminescence.

This invention discloses an N-N axial chiral phase-transfer catalyst, its synthesis method, and its applications, belonging to the field of asymmetric catalytic synthesis technology. Using chiral 2,4-pentanediol and N-Boc-indolephenol as starting materials, this invention efficiently constructs an N-N axial chiral biscarbazole cyclic ether skeleton through a five-step reaction involving Mitsunobu etherification, deBoc protection, PIDA oxidative cyclization, radical bromoxymethylation, and intramolecular quaternization. This method eliminates the need for complex chiral resolution and noble metal coupling, employs mild reaction conditions, uses readily available and inexpensive starting materials, achieves high overall yield, and yields a product with an axial chirality ee value ≥98%. The resulting catalyst possesses excellent conformational rigidity, chiral induction ability, and phase-transfer performance, exhibiting broad substrate applicability. It also possesses bisindole ring bioactivity, making it widely applicable in asymmetric catalytic synthesis in pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and other fields, and providing new directions for the development of antibacterial and antitumor biomaterials.

The application discloses a chiral induction self-adaptive MOF@COF heterojunction and a large-scale preparation method and photocatalytic application thereof, and belongs to the technical fields of coordination polymers and photocatalysis. The application adopts a room-temperature step-by-step assembly combined with an emulsion polymerization method, first prepares MOF-808 from zirconium chloride and trimesic acid, then obtains MOF-D by chiral grafting of D-cysteine, and finally induces directional epitaxial growth of TpPa-COF to form a core-shell heterojunction, and a product of 130g can be produced in a single time. The heterojunction has multi-scale self-adaptive and spin regulation functions, the flexible side chain of D-cysteine optimizes charge transmission, spin regulation filters single spin state electrons, and significantly reduces the carrier recombination rate. The heterojunction is used for outdoor sunlight-driven photocatalytic overall water splitting, and the H2 production reaches 1058.64 micromoles per gram per 4 hours ‑1 , the activity retention rate is excellent after multiple tests, and the performance is far superior to that of a physical mixture of MOF-D and TpPa-COF.

The present application relates to the technical field of drug synthesis, and in particular to a preparation method of brivaracetam and application thereof. By adjusting the modification group of the amide in the dihydropyrrolone intermediate I to S-tert-butylsulfinyl, the chiral induction ability of the substrate is greatly improved. The asymmetric hydrogenation of the dihydropyrrolone intermediate I can be completed by using an achiral catalyst, i.e. the pyrrolidone intermediate II can be prepared in high diastereoselectivity (diastereomer ratio dr=99.8:0.2) and high yield (yield 90%), and the method is easy to operate, the reaction condition is simple, the synthesis route is short, the total yield is high, sodium / liquid ammonia or magnesium / ultrasound is not needed, and the method is suitable for industrial production.

The invention belongs to the technical field of organic micro-nano laser, and particularly relates to an organic adaptive chiral material as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The organic adaptive chiral material comprises a gain framework subject and a chiral inducer object, the gain framework subject has a pore structure, the pore structure can accommodate the chiral inducer object, and the gain framework subject and the chiral inducer object perform intermolecular interaction through Van der Waals force. The organic adaptive chiral material has spiral chirality. The organic adaptive chiral material disclosed by the invention is an organic material with optical gain and spiral chirality, and can be used for preparing an organic circular polarization laser.

The invention provides a synthesis method of (1R, 2S)-2, 6-dimethyl-2, 3-dihydro-1H-indene-1-amine, which comprises the following steps: reacting xylene with S-2-bromo-methyl propionate to generate a chiral ester intermediate, carrying out ring closing reaction to generate (2s)-2, 6-dimethyl-1-indanone, and directly generating (1R, 2S)-2, 6-dimethyl-2, 3-dihydro-1H-indene-1-amine through chiral induced reduction by utilizing the steric hindrance of chiral methyl, thereby obtaining the (1R, 2S)-2, 6-dimethyl-2, 3-dihydro-1H-indene-1-amine. According to the present invention, the 2, 3-dihydro-1H-indene-1-amine is synthesized through the method, the method is the chiral intermediate preparation process with characteristics of high selectivity and high directionality starting from the initial raw material, the use of the expensive heavy metal chiral catalyst is avoided, the reaction is simplified, and the method is the synthesis method with characteristics of economy, safety and easy expanded production.