The invention discloses a preparation method for a chitosan-based biomimetic membrane material with an asymmetric structure, and the preparation method comprises the following steps of dispersing chitosan into acetic acid aqueous solution, adding absolute methanol and acetic anhydride for reacting after the chitosan is completely dissolved, and then, centrifugally removing sediment; dropping in alkaline solidification liquid under stirring condition, and filtering to obtain chitosan microgel; adding the chitosan microgel in glycerin solution, injecting the solution in a mold, and standing and draining water, freeze-drying one part to obtain a chitosan-based porous sponge material, and drying the other part to obtain a chitosan-based dense membrane material; bonding the chitosan-based porous sponge material and the chitosan-based dense membrane material to obtain the chitosan-based biomimetic membrane material with asymmetric structure. The preparation method provided by the invention has the advantages that the preparation technology is simple, the prepared chitosan-based biomimetic membrane material has a porous sponge structure and a dense membrane material structure, the chitosan-based biomimetic membrane material is not curly when encountering water, guiding bone regeneration performance is good, and the chitosan-based biomimetic membrane material is degradable and controllable and can be widely used as a guided bone tissue regeneration membrane material in treatment of the fields such as dental implant, osteoarthritis, bone defect, and the like.