247 results about "Bacillus cereus" patented technology

The invention discloses two phosphate solubilizing bacteria and application of microbial agents thereof, and belongs to the technical field of microorganisms. The preservation number of the bacillus cereus Sau.XJ-4 is CCTCC (China Center For Type Culture Collection) NO: M 20242890; the preservation number of the arthrobacter sp. Sau.XJ-5 is CCTCC (China Center for Type Culture Collection) NO: M 20242891. The bacillus cereus Sau.XJ-4 and the bacillus cereus Sau.XJ-5 have the characteristics of saline-alkali resistance, aluminum resistance and the like, insoluble inorganic mineral substances such as tricalcium phosphate can be effectively decomposed, insoluble nutrient elements such as nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus in soil are promoted to be converted into soluble nutrients, the content of available nutrients in the soil is increased, and the yield and the quality are improved; the fertilizer can also relieve aluminum stress of plants and promote growth and development of the plants, and has important significance for fully exerting soil ecological fertility and keeping balance of an agricultural ecological environment.

The invention discloses an antibacterial peptide and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of biology. The antibacterial peptide with an inhibition effect on various clinically common pathogenic microorganisms is obtained, and the antibacterial peptide comprises gram-negative bacteria such as escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, acinetobacter baumannii, vibrio parahaemolyticus, salmonella gallinarum, salmonella typhimurium and enterobacter sakazakii, and gram-positive bacteria. The antibacterial peptide provided by the invention can be used as an antibacterial peptide, such as staphylococcus aureus, listeria monocytogenes and bacillus cereus, and the antibacterial peptide provided by the invention is novel in structure and easy to prepare.

The invention discloses a carbonyl reductase mutant as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of enzyme engineering. According to the invention, on the basis of carbonyl reductase BcKRED from Bacillus cereus, a series of dominant mutants are obtained through a method of directed evolution in the field of enzyme engineering. The carbonyl reductase dominant mutant obtained by the invention has high catalytic activity, thermal stability and chiral selectivity reversed with wild-type carbonyl reductase. A green and efficient way is provided for industrial production of chiral alcohol by taking carbonyl reductase as a biocatalyst, and the method has a wide application prospect.

The invention discloses a bacterium capable of resisting serious combined pollution of arsenic and cadmium. The bacillus cereus strain is identified as bacillus cereus, is named as bacillus cereus L1. GLUT, and is preserved in the China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center on April 10, 2024, the address is No.3, Yard 1, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, and the preservation number is CGMCC NO.30292. The bacillus cereus strain is named as bacillus cereus L1. GLUT. The bacillus cereus L1. GLUT can resist 200 mg / L of As and 100 mg / L of Cd at the same time, can be prepared into a microbial agent to be combined with a hyperaccumulator, and has considerable application value in the aspect of remediation of arsenic and cadmium combined contaminated soil.

The invention discloses a preparation method of ocimum gratissimum carbon dots and application of the ocimum gratissimum carbon dots in antibacterial drugs and food preservation. The preparation method of the ocimum gratissimum carbon dots comprises the following steps: performing steam distillation on ocimum gratissimum leaves to remove essential oil, drying in the shade, and crushing; adding an alcohol solvent into the powder, extracting, filtering, concentrating and drying to obtain an alcohol extract; dispersing the alcohol extract in distilled water, and stirring and pyrolyzing on a heating table; and diluting the pyrolysis product with distilled water, centrifuging, taking supernate, filtering with a filter membrane, dialyzing, and freeze-drying to obtain the carbon dots. The obtained carbon dots have a carbon dot-vesicle coexisting structure, and the average particle size is 5.732 + / -0.5 nm. The prepared ocimum gratissimum carbon dots can be applied to preparation of antibacterial drugs, especially drugs for inhibiting the activity of bacillus cereus and listeria, and the field of food preservation, and have the advantages of being wide in raw material source, simple in preparation method, low in cost, environmentally friendly and the like.

The invention relates to the technical field of phytoremediation of Cd-polluted soil. The invention provides Cd-resistant bacillus cereus as well as application and a method of the Cd-resistant bacillus cereus in remediation of Cd-polluted soil, the preservation name of the bacillus cereus is Bacillus cereus 01, the Latin name of the bacillus cereus is Bacillus cereus, the bacillus cereus is preserved in Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center, the preservation number of the bacillus cereus is GDMCC No: 65570, and the preservation time is December 2, 2024. The efficient Cd-resistant endophytic bacteria are obtained through screening and identification, the Cd-resistant endophytic bacteria are combined with the smooth vetch to repair Cd-polluted soil, absorption of succeeding crops to Cd is reduced, the food safety problem caused by standard exceeding of Cd is reduced, and the method has the advantages of being low in cost, high in repair efficiency, simple and convenient in treatment step and the like.

The invention discloses a method for inhibiting production of vomitoxin from bacillus cereus, which is characterized in that isoleucine is added into a substance needing to inhibit production of vomitoxin from bacillus cereus, preferably 5-20mM of isoleucine is added. According to the present invention, the content of the toxin is detected through the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the cytotoxicity experiment verification results show that the isoleucine can significantly inhibit the synthesis of the vomitoxin of the bacillus cereus in the culture medium and the matrix, and can effectively reduce the toxic effect of the toxin on HeLa cells; the invention provides a safe and efficient biological control means which is suitable for various food systems such as starch food, dairy products, meat products and the like. Isoleucine can be used as a novel non-toxic and harmless food additive and is low in cost; the use method is simple, the output of vomitoxin can be reduced by directly adding a trace amount of isoleucine, and the food flavor is not affected.

The invention belongs to the field of plant endophytic fungus secondary metabolites, particularly relates to a secondary metabolite of fennel endophytic fungus fusarium oxysporum as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and provides a fennel endophytic fungus secondary metabolite with structures as shown in compounds 1-8. Wherein the compound 2 and the compound 7 have inhibitory activity on staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, bacillus cereus, bacillus subtilis, candida albicans and shigella, and have a certain inhibitory effect on cervical cancer Hela cell strains.

The invention discloses a planting method for increasing soil organic matters and carbon sequestration, belongs to the technical field of ecological soil improvement, and provides a planting method for increasing soil organic matters and carbon sequestration, which comprises the following steps: applying a complex microbial inoculant on the surface of a planting land; planting an arbor, and then planting caragana twisting in planting gaps of the arbor; the composite microbial inoculant is prepared from bacillus cereus (bacillus cereus) and bacillus parlicheniformis (bacillus parlicheniformis), and the composite microbial inoculant is prepared from bacillus cereus (bacillus cereus) and bacillus parlicheniformis (bacillus parlicheniformis); the arbor is picea crassifolia, pinus sylvestris and pinus tabulaeformis. According to the method, picea crassifolia, pinus sylvestris and pinus tabulaeformis of different forest ages are planted in a mixed mode, and caragana twistable is matched, so that the effects of maximizing soil organic matter accumulation and enhancing carbon sequestration in the Gansu Xieu region are achieved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of microorganisms, and particularly relates to bacillus cereus as well as a culture and application thereof. The preservation number of the bacillus cereus AK-LY1 is CCTCC (China Center For Type Culture Collection) NO: M 2025756. The bacillus cereus AK-LY1 disclosed by the invention is excellent in trypsin resistance, good in cholate resistance, acid resistance and high temperature resistance, good in inhibition performance on antibiotics such as strong penicillin and chloramphenicol, and relatively good in adhesion capacity in intestinal tracts, and provides a relatively good microecological preparation reference basis for expanding a bacillus cereus resource library and applying the bacillus cereus.

The invention belongs to the technical field of environmental engineering, and discloses a microbial agent for degrading malathion as well as a preparation method and application of the microbial agent. The microbial agent comprises the following raw materials: compound bacteria, a nutritional supplement and a biomass carrier material, wherein the compound bacteria comprise functional bacteria and synergistic bacteria, and the mass ratio of the functional bacteria to the synergistic bacteria is (1.2-1.8): 1; the functional bacteria comprise issatchenkia orientalis, nocardia, brevibacillus laterosporus and bacillus cereus; the synergistic bacteria comprise azospirillum brasilense, bacillus thuringiensis and lactobacillus buchneri. Functional bacteria with direct degradation capacity and synergistic bacteria with auxiliary functions are creatively compounded according to a specific proportion, meanwhile, the garlic straw powder is selected as a biomass carrier material, all the raw materials complement each other in function and have a synergistic effect, the degradation rate and thoroughness of malathion are remarkably improved, and the degradation efficiency of malathion is greatly improved. The defects of low degradation efficiency and poor environmental adaptability of a single strain are overcome.

The invention relates to a special substrate for potato virus-free breeder's seed cultivation. The special substrate comprises a substrate body and a microbial agent adsorbed on the substrate body, the matrix body comprises an organic component and an inorganic component in a volume ratio of (10-40): (90-60); the total viable count in the matrix body is not less than 2.0 * 10 < 8 > CFU / g. The microbial agent is prepared from bacillus cereus CBBL-18, bacillus paralicheniformis CBJ-7 and bacillus korla CBK-5. The invention further discloses a preparation method of the microbial agent. The substrate disclosed by the invention can efficiently promote the growth of potatoes, is disease-resistant and low in cost, and has important significance on promoting green and sustainable development of agriculture while promoting resourceful treatment of solid wastes.

The invention discloses bacillus cereus L15, and relates to the technical field of microorganisms, the bacillus cereus L15 is preserved in China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center (CGMCC) on January 2, 2025, and the preservation number is CGMCC No.33276. The bacillus cereus L15 has the advantages that the bacillus cereus L15 can be used for preparing the bacillus cereus L15; the new bacillus cereus L15 provided by the invention has obvious broad-spectrum antibacterial property, can have a good inhibition effect on rhizoctonia dinuclear, fusarium and phaseolus vulgaris, and can be used for preventing and treating plant root rot and stem rot caused by the fusarium, the rhizoctonia and the phaseolus vulgaris.

The invention discloses a strain of bacillus cereus and application thereof, the strain is preserved in China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center on November 01, 2023, the preservation number is CGMCC No.1. 60180, and the preservation name is bacillus cereus WHY-3969. The invention also discloses a method for preparing the bacillus cereus. When being applied to the field of agricultural biological prevention and control, the strain can form a biological membrane to be stably colonized at the rhizosphere of a plant, and can generate substances such as IAA and siderophores to promote the growth of the plant. Compared with a blank control potted plant, the bacillus cereus suspension has the advantages that the plant height of the cucumber potted plant is increased by 42.21%, the prevention effect of the cucumber fusarium wilt potted plant is as high as 57.18%, and the bacillus cereus suspension is a biocontrol strain with excellent performance and has good development and application prospects.

The invention discloses a zanthoxylum bungeanum leaf extract and a preparation method and application thereof.The preparation method includes the steps that zanthoxylum bungeanum leaves are cleaned, dried and then smashed, and zanthoxylum bungeanum leaf powder is obtained; condensing and extracting: taking the bunge pricklyash leaf powder, adding a solvent, heating, condensing and refluxing for a certain time, carrying out suction filtration after condensing and refluxing, collecting filtrate, repeatedly extracting for 2-5 times, adding the same volume of solvent each time, and combining the filtrate to obtain an extract; performing rotary evaporation: performing rotary evaporation on the extracting solution to obtain a concentrated solution; and drying: drying the concentrated solution, and grinding the dried concentrated solution into powder to obtain the bunge pricklyash leaf extract. The zanthoxylum bungeanum leaf extract prepared by the preparation method disclosed by the invention has an inhibiting effect on listeria monocytogenes, staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus agalactiae and bacillus cereus, provides a new way for preparing bacteriostatic products such as bacteriostatic drugs, bacteriostatic cleaning supplies and bacteriostatic feed additives, and is beneficial to development and utilization of zanthoxylum bungeanum leaf resources; the use value of bunge pricklyash leaves is improved, and resource waste is reduced.

The invention belongs to the technical field of microorganisms, and particularly discloses lactobacillus plantarum CX1-3-2 capable of producing gamma-aminobutyric acid and improving sleep and application of the lactobacillus plantarum CX1-3-2. The preservation number of the lactobacillus plantarum CX1-3-2 strain is CGMCC (China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center) No. 34340. The lactobacillus plantarum CX1-3-2 can achieve the effect of improving sleep by improving the levels of GABA and 5-HT in brain tissues and reducing the levels of glutamic acid Glu, dopamine DA and noradrenaline NE; the scavenging rate of DPPH free radicals of the strain reaches 96.4%, the scavenging rate of ABTS free radicals of the strain reaches 78.3%, and the strain has an excellent anti-oxidation effect; the diameters of inhibition zones of the strain on staphylococcus aureus, bacillus cereus, escherichia coli and pseudomonas fluorescens are all larger than 17 mm, and the strain has an excellent antibacterial effect.

This invention belongs to the field of microbial technology, specifically relating to a strain of *Lactobacillus plantarum* that produces antimicrobial peptides and its applications. The *Lactobacillus plantarum* is specifically *Lactobacillus plantarum* (…). Lactobacillus plants Lactobacillus plantarum AF-6, with accession number CGMCC No. 33716, is a product of this invention. It generates a variety of antimicrobial peptides with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, inhibiting spoilage bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus. This provides a more reliable and effective option for food safety preservation.

The invention discloses a method for treating chromium wastewater by combining a modified charcoal percolation column with microorganisms, which comprises the following steps: constructing a composite filler layer by straw charcoal alkali modified loaded hydroxyapatite (BC / HA), and forming a synergistic system with bacillus cereus FZUY-01 (the preservation number is CGMCC NO.23342) for treating chromium-containing wastewater and high-concentration organic chromium wastewater. The chromium wastewater with medium and low concentration is obtained after treatment by an oxidation-reduction method, and chemical fixation of Cr (III) is realized through the synergistic effect of phosphate radical functional groups of hydroxyapatite and the reduction characteristic of biochar. The method is simple in process, compared with a traditional method that Cr (OH) 3 formed after organic chromium is subjected to oxidation reduction is difficult to remove and fix, efficient fixation of chromium in water can be achieved through the modified BC / HA filler combined strain, and the national emission standard can be met after treatment is conducted for 72 hours.

The invention belongs to the technical field of microbial fermentation, and relates to bacillus cereus capable of biologically converting limonene, the bacillus cereus is preserved in the China Center for Culture Collection, the classification name is Bacillus cereus GJ-02, the preservation number is CCTCC M 20251438, and the preservation date is June 23, 2025; according to the invention, the bacillus cereus strain capable of biologically converting limonene and having efficient conversion capability is separated and screened, a new strain resource is provided for microbial conversion of D-limonene, and a theoretical basis is provided for biosynthesis and metabolic engineering modification of terpenoids; therefore, the method has a wide application prospect in the field of microbial fermentation.

The invention provides an NSS1-6 strain and application of the NSS1-6 strain in promoting germination of cistanche deserticola seeds. The strain of the growth-promoting bacterium NSS1-6 is classified and named as bacillus cereus, and is preserved in the China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center (CGMCC), and the preservation number is CGMCC NO.35464. The invention further discloses a preparation method of the growth-promoting bacterium NSS1-6. The invention also provides a microbial agent, and the unique effective component of the microbial agent is the NSS1-6 strain. According to the invention, the strain NSS1-6 which has a relatively good promoting effect on the germination rate and the aspirator rate of the cistanche seeds is found for the first time, and the strain shows relatively strong saline-alkaline tolerance.

The invention belongs to the field of microbial agents, and particularly relates to a compost heat production method of a ganoderma lucidum basswood planting waste substrate, which comprises the following steps: mixing the ganoderma lucidum basswood planting waste substrate with chicken manure to obtain a fermentation raw material; paving the fermentation raw materials in a fermentation container layer by layer; a complex microbial inoculant is uniformly sprayed on the surface of each layer of fermentation raw material; the complex microbial inoculant is prepared from the following strains in percentage by weight: 10 to 25 percent of bacillus cereus, 5 to 10 percent of bacillus smith, 5 to 10 percent of geobacillus thermodenitrificans, 20 to 40 percent of bacillus licheniformis, 5 to 24 percent of ureibacillus thermophilus and the balance of actinomyces thermophilus; the oxygen content is controlled to be 5-15%; the 50-60 DEG C high-temperature period is maintained for 180-210 days, the heat exchange pipe located between the two layers of fermentation raw materials is connected to a heating system in the high-temperature period, and the system is suitable for agricultural circular economy and distributed energy supply scenes.

The invention provides bacillus cereus, the bacillus cereus is named as bacillus cereus, the bacillus cereus is registered and preserved in Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center, and the preservation number is GDMCC NO: 66395. The invention further provides a synthetic flora, and the synthetic flora contains the bacillus cereus and the trichoderma asperellum MM7. The invention further provides a preparation method of the bacillus cereus and the trichoderma asperellum MM7. A synthetic flora constructed by the bacillus cereus and Trichoderma asperellum MM7 has a better effect of promoting the growth of banana plants, can be used for preparing a mixed bacterial agent or a microbial fertilizer, is beneficial to improving the economic benefits of the banana planting industry, and has a wide application space in green and sustainable development of the banana industry.

The invention relates to the technical field of soil improvement, in particular to a trehalose soil conditioner as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The trehalose soil conditioner disclosed by the invention is prepared from the following components in parts by mass: 40 to 60 parts of trehalose, 20 to 40 parts of humic acid, 10 to 20 parts of montmorillonite, 5 to 12 parts of glycine betaine, 20 to 50 parts of monosodium glutamate waste liquid, 1 to 5 parts of arginine, 2 to 10 parts of proline, 60 to 100 parts of kitchen garbage and 0.03 to 0.1 part of fermentation bacterium agent, the fermentation inoculant comprises the following inoculants: a bacillus cereus inoculant, a bacillus mucilaginosus inoculant and aspergillus oryzae in a mass ratio of (1-3): (2-6): (1-3). The trehalose soil conditioner prepared from the components can improve the drought resistance of crops by changing the activity of root microorganisms, so that the yield of the crops is increased.

The invention discloses bacillus cereus with wide pH adaptability and application of the bacillus cereus in soil or underground water heavy metal remediation, the strain is named as bacillus cereus GS and preserved in the China Center for Type Culture Collection (the preservation number is CCTCC NO: M 20241939), and the bacillus cereus is named as bacillus cereus GS and preserved in the China Center for Type Culture Collection (CCTCC). The strain is high in environmental adaptability and high in remediation efficiency, can show good reduction and endurance capacity to various heavy metal pollutants under the wide environmental conditions that the pH ranges from 4 to 10 and the temperature ranges from 16 DEG C to 37 DEG C, and is particularly suitable for in-situ remediation of high-concentration contaminated soil; experimental results represented by hexavalent chromium show that the removal rate of the strain in 1000 mg / kg hexavalent chromium contaminated soil within 7 days can reach 70-100%, the dependence of an existing microbial remediation technology on a low-concentration and alkaline environment or a long remediation period is broken through, and an efficient solution is provided for green bioremediation of multiple types of heavy metal contaminated sites.

This invention relates to a strain of Bacillus cereus and its applications, specifically Bacillus cereus (… Bacillus cereus Bacillus cereus (W1) was deposited at the China Center for Type Culture Collection on July 21, 2022, with accession number CCTCC NO: M 20221147. Bacillus cereus W1 can grow and ferment high-yield butyric acid under non-strict anaerobic conditions, and has the advantages of strong oxygen tolerance and high butyric acid yield.

The present invention discloses a method for reducing and fixing Cr(VI) by key functional metal-reducing microorganisms based on a mutualistic symbiotic model: S1, preparing a mixed functional bacterial community electrolyte consisting of conductive bacteria and metal-reducing functional bacterial communities, wherein the conductive bacteria is Shewanella, and the metal-reducing functional bacterial communities include one or more of Bacillus cereus, Ralstonia pietermaritzii, and Paenibacillus alvei; S2, enriching an electroactive biofilm: pouring the prepared mixed functional bacterial community electrolyte into an electrolytic cell in a three-electrode bioelectrochemical system, and applying a positive potential of 100 to 300 mV; S3, reducing and fixing Cr(VI): after generating a mature anode biofilm with a stable current output, pouring out the electrolyte in the electrolytic cell, adding a new electrolyte containing Cr(VI), and applying a negative potential of 500 to 0 mV to the working electrode, so that the Cr(VI) in the electrolyte is reduced and fixed.

A phage composition and an use thereof in strengthening soil carbon fixation, said phage composition including three phages, namely, a polyvalent phage φYSZKP that attacks Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; a Bacillus cereus phage φYSZBA1; and a Bacillus cereus phage φYSZBA2. In the present invention, the phage composition is injected into the target soil, and an approach of strengthening soil carbon fixation by means of cooperation with the host bacteria through injection of AMGs from the phage is employed; at the same time, the phage has a function of regulating the soil microbial communities from bottom to top; a network of symbiosis with indigenous bacteria is further optimized, and the soil carbon fixation potential is improved. This technique is an environmental improvement technique that achieves a good carbon fixation effect, has a low price and is environment-friendly.

The invention relates to the technical field of microbial agents, in particular to a method for promoting corn straw composting heat production by utilizing an exogenous microbial agent, which comprises the following steps: crushing corn straws, and mixing with chicken manure to obtain a fermentation raw material; laying a first layer of fermentation raw materials on the waterproof bottom film in the fermentation pit, uniformly scattering mixed freeze-dried powder of bacillus cereus, bacillus smith, bacillus thermophilic denitrification soil bacillus, bacillus licheniformis and ureibacillus thermophilus, laying a second layer of fermentation raw materials, and uniformly scattering EM (effective microorganisms) freeze-dried powder; after a third layer of fermentation raw materials is laid, white rot fungi, chaetomium, trichoderma harzianum and aspergillus niger mixed freeze-dried powder is evenly scattered, and after each layer of fermentation raw materials is laid, water is sprayed to adjust the water content; a heat exchange pipeline is laid between the two layers of fermentation materials, air is inflated into the pipeline through an air blower in the fermentation process, the oxygen content is adjusted to be 5%-15%, and high heat yield and efficient degradation of lignin and cellulose are achieved through functional flora construction.

The invention discloses a method for preparing a soil conditioner for gardenia cultivation by using immobilized compound bacteria, which comprises the following steps: extracting gardenia lignin by using gardenia waste as a raw material, and preparing an inner-layer wall material to embed a mixed bacteria solution to obtain lignin inner-layer microcapsules; preparing an outer-layer wall material through modified chitosan, and compounding and curing the inner-layer microcapsule, the hydrogenated streptomyces liquid and the outer-layer wall material to obtain the immobilized composite microbial agent. And finally, mixing the immobilized complex microbial inoculant with matrixes such as leaf mold and peat soil to obtain the modifier. Ordered release of compound bacteria is realized through dual response, functional synergy of Rafissonia, Ochrobactrum and Streptomyces hydrogenii can be enhanced through population signal molecule modification, soil nutrients can be activated, effective iron can be chelated to solve the problem of iron deficiency yellowing of cape jasmine, soil pollutants and pesticide residues are degraded, and the soil quality is improved. Pathogenic bacteria reproduction is inhibited, and rhizosphere micro-ecological balance is maintained; plant hormones can be secreted to promote the growth of the cape jasmine, and the cape jasmine is converted into more components with high medicinal value.

The present invention belongs to the field of microbial technology and specifically relates to a composite microbial agent for promoting lignocellulose degradation and humus production during mulberry twig and cow dung composting, and its application. The composite microbial agent comprises a mixture of strains B1, F1, and F2, wherein the ratio of effective viable bacteria among strains B1, F1, and F2 is 1:1:1. The deposit number of strain B1 is GDMCC No. 65049; the deposit number of strain F1 is GDMCC No. 65050; and the deposit number of strain F2 is GDMCC No. 65051. The Bacillus cereus B1, Phanerochaete chrysosporium F1, and Sphaerotheca fusca F2 in the composite microbial agent are all effective fertilizer compost-promoting microorganisms. These three microorganisms can synergize with each other during aerobic composting, fully achieving the conversion and degradation of raw materials and producing high-quality organic fertilizer. Furthermore, the composite microbial agent can promote lignocellulose degradation and humus production during composting.