50 results about "Seed system" patented technology

The clay grain seeding machine comprises a rotary tillage system and a seeding and pressing system which are arranged front and back; a plurality of convex rings coaxial with the central axis of the soil pressing roller are transversely arranged on the outer wall of the soil pressing roller at intervals; a soil covering device is arranged between the seeding system and the pressing system; a feather-shaped protective cover is arranged on the outer side of the soil covering device, and a plurality of soft skins are overlapped end to end to form a protective cover which is provided with a downward opening, surrounds the periphery of the soil covering cutter head and has a semicircular longitudinal section; the pressing roller is adjusted through the pressing pressure adjusting system; the pressing pressure adjusting system comprises two hydraulic adjusting units; the hydraulic adjusting unit comprises a hydraulic cylinder with a longitudinal central axis, and the hydraulic cylinder stretches out and draws back through a piston rod and can drive the pressing roller to rotate around the center where the front end of the pressing roller connecting side plate is hinged to the middle lower portion of the rear portion of the seeding pressing system side plate; a piston rod of the hydraulic cylinder is provided with two springs. The ditching quality is remarkably improved, the seeding quality is remarkably improved through soil covering of the spiral blades and floating pressing, and the device is particularly suitable for clay soil operation.

Systems / methods for predicting the germination potential of seeds are disclosed. The methods include, by a processor: receiving an image comprising a plurality of seeds, and segmenting the image to identify instance masks associated with the plurality of seeds. For each of the plurality of instance masks, the methods include determining one or more of a plurality of characteristic labels, and determining based on the one or more of the plurality of characteristic labels, a germination potential of a seed associated with that instance mask.

A seeding system includes a first commodity tank, a second commodity tank, a first meter having a meter inlet at the outlet of the first commodity tank, a meter outlet, and a metering device between the meter inlet and the meter outlet, a second meter having a meter inlet at the outlet of the second commodity tank, a meter outlet, and a metering device between the meter inlet and the meter outlet, and a manifold arrangement having a first commodity inlet, a second commodity inlet, a first shoot having a first air inlet and a first manifold outlet and accessible to the meter outlet of the first meter and the meter outlet of the second meter, and a second shoot having a second air inlet and a second manifold outlet accessible to the meter outlet of the first meter and inaccessible to the meter outlet of the second meter.

The invention relates to the technical field of seed sowing, in particular to a precision sowing system which comprises a moving mechanism, the moving mechanism comprises a moving chassis, a shell is arranged on the moving chassis, a sowing mechanism is arranged on the shell, a control mechanism is arranged in the shell, and the sowing mechanism comprises a fixing frame connected to the shell. A liftable fixing frame is arranged on one side of the fixing frame, a connecting rod is hinged between the fixing frame and the shell, a mounting frame is connected to one end, away from the shell, of the fixing frame, a plurality of seed-metering plates are mounted on the mounting frame, furrow openers are arranged on the seed-metering plates, and the control mechanism comprises an IMU sensor used for detecting the direction. A laser distance measuring sensor used for measuring the vertical distance between the mounting frame and the ground is arranged on the mounting frame, and a control device is arranged in the shell. Therefore, on the premise that the seeds are protected from being damaged, the number of the used seeds can be reduced, the sowing accuracy can be improved, thinning and filling of seedlings are not needed, the yield of unit area is improved, and the sowing efficiency is improved.

The invention discloses a precision seeder for small-grain crops, which belongs to the technical field of agricultural machinery and comprises a frame fan system, a ditching and soil preparation system, a seed metering system, an opening fertilizer discharging system and a base fertilizer discharging system, a seed metering device in the seed metering system comprises a base, a seed metering component and a seed stirring component, and the seed metering component and the seed stirring component are positioned in the base. The seed metering assembly comprises a seed metering shaft, blank wheels and seed metering wheels, the blank wheels and the seed metering wheels are arranged on the seed metering shaft in a sleeving mode, each blank wheel and each seed metering wheel are each sleeved with a set of seed protection silica gel, and the outer ring of each seed protection silica gel is provided with a seed protection body meshed with the corresponding seed protection silica gel; a first spacing adjusting assembly is arranged below the seed discharging pipe and the outlet fertilizer discharging pipe, a second spacing adjusting assembly is correspondingly arranged below each base fertilizer discharging system, and the spacing of the base fertilizer discharging pipe of each base fertilizer discharging system is adjusted through the second spacing adjusting assembly. According to the seeder, the seeding stability and precision can be ensured through the seeding device, meanwhile, the seeding spacing is convenient to adjust, and the seeder can meet different seeding requirements.

A seeding machine moves over the ground and includes a frame, at least one hopper containing seeds to be planted and planting row units connected to the frame. Each of the row units includes a seed metering device that separates and guides individual seeds into a planting position, and a shaft that reciprocates with respect to the frame through a stroke path. The stroke path includes extension towards the ground to a lowered position and retraction away from the ground to a raised position. The shaft engages one of the seeds from the planting position while the shaft is near the raised position. The shaft moves the one of the seeds downward while the shaft extends toward the ground to create an opening in the ground by pressing the one of the seeds into ground while the shaft is near the lowered position.

A planter for planting seeds in the ground including a seed meter configured to provide a regulated flow of seeds, and a seed conduit defining a first portion of a flow path configured to transport the seeds from the seed meter towards the ground. The planter also includes a seed guide having an aperture in fluid communication with the seed conduit, the seed guide defining a second portion of the flow path configured to transport the seeds from the seed conduit towards the ground, and a shaft configured to reciprocate with respect to the seed guide through a stroke path towards and away from the ground. The shaft is configured to create a discrete hole in the ground for one of the seeds. A side of the shaft is configured to inhibit the one of the seeds from entering the second portion of the flow path until the shaft retracts past the aperture.

This invention relates to the field of PLA sand barrier laying equipment technology, and more particularly to an automated PLA sand barrier laying and grass planting combined machine. It includes a chassis system, with a feeding system on one side for collecting and transporting sand from the ground. Below the top of the feeding system is a sand-filling system for filling the PLA sand barriers and laying them on the ground. On the other side of the chassis system is a perforating and seeding system for piercing the sand barriers and completing the seeding. The feeding system transports sand to the sand-filling system; the auger of the sand-filling system rotates and propels the sand, continuously filling it into the PLA sand barriers pre-fitted at the outlet, forming full sandbags. As the chassis system moves the equipment forward, the sandbags are evenly laid on the ground, forming strip-shaped sand barriers. Immediately following, the perforating and seeding system operates, thus completing the entire process from sand barrier laying to seeding in one operation, greatly improving operational efficiency and the synergy of vegetation restoration.

The seeding system comprises an air suction seeding machine and a rack, a near-infrared seed activity detection device is arranged at the upstream of a seeding pipe of the air suction seeding machine, a pneumatic blowing nozzle is arranged on the side wall of the seeding pipe, inferior seeds can be blown into a waste seed box, and synchronous reseeding is performed by a reseeding module; a tilt angle sensor is mounted on the air suction seeding main body, and two symmetrical electric push rods are connected between the rack and the seeding machine and are electrically connected with a controller. The tilt angle sensor monitors the tilt angle in real time, the controller drives the electric push rod to stretch out and draw back, and the seeding pipe rigidly connected with the seeding body is always perpendicular to the ground by adjusting the posture of the seeding body. Accurate screening and dynamic leveling seeding of active seeds are achieved, the front-end stubble cleaning and anti-blocking device is combined, the structure is compact, control is accurate, the seeding intelligent level and the operation quality are improved, and the no-tillage requirements of various farmlands are met.

The utility model relates to a kind of light grass seed unmanned aerial vehicle pneumatic seeding system, belong to agricultural machinery field, and the system includes unmanned aerial vehicle, seeding box installed in the middle part of unmanned aerial vehicle, the seeding box is equipped with roller feeder and cross stirring shaft, bottom is connected with sowing channel, independent intelligent reseeding system, including fixed in the camera of the bottom of seeding box and set in the edge computing development board of unmanned aerial vehicle fuselage;Signal interlock module, input respectively connects the reseeding signal B of seeding control signal A and edge computing development board output of unmanned aerial vehicle flight control system output. Flight control system exports 5V high level signal A according to preset route in target seeding point, camera vertically shoots ground, edge computing development board analyzes image in real time, when signal interlock module detects A=B=5V, motor drive circuit is turned on. Re-verification mechanism makes misseeding rate to be reduced to 3% or less, hardware interlock avoids the seeding out of control caused by software failure, and seed can be supplemented to preset position.

The present disclosure relates to the technical field of intelligent warehousing. Disclosed are a seeding control method, a seeding system, and a workstation. The method comprises: in response to a movable carrier reaching a parking area of a target workstation, acquiring goods information of seeding-pending goods on the movable carrier; on the basis of the goods information of the seeding-pending goods, determining seeding information of seeding positions on a seeding wall of the target workstation; on the basis of the seeding information, determining the seeding quantities of the seeding-pending goods required on the seeding positions, and seeding the seeding-pending goods to seeding-pending containers on the seeding positions according to the seeding quantities corresponding to the seeding positions; and in the seeding process, acquiring the seeding states of the seeding positions on the seeding wall, and generating a first transfer instruction on the basis of the seeding states of the seeding positions, wherein the first transfer instruction is used for instructing the target workstation to transfer seeding-completed containers to a target carrier.

A seeding system having a seed meter: a conduit for receiving seeds released from the seed meter at a first end of the conduit; a gas source connected to the conduit proximate the first end for accelerating seed in the gas; and a seed orientation coil assembly connected to the second end to receive the accelerated seed.

The invention provides a large pool gas nucleus seeding system in a negative pressure environment, and belongs to the field of ship and ocean engineering experimental equipment. The problems that in the prior art, due to a nozzle, a large number of gas nucleuses are fused in the precipitation process, the particle size is coarsened, and gas nucleus seeding cannot be conducted in a large pool environment are solved. The device comprises a plurality of groups of aeration core assemblies which are arranged in parallel and are used for dissolving gas into water; the nucleus sowing assembly is connected with an outlet of the nucleus aeration assembly and is arranged in the water pool; the seeding spray head is arranged on the seed sowing assembly, a main body of the seeding spray head is of a Venturi tube structure, and a plurality of layers of partition plates with holes are arranged in the main body. The device is mainly used for water body gas nucleus seeding.

AI-Driven UAV Seeding System for Enhanced Atmospheric Visibility

The invention discloses an automatic seeding system which comprises a machine body of a seeding machine, a soil loosening device, a seeding device, a fertilizing device and a soil covering device are sequentially arranged on the machine body in the front-back direction, a walking device is further arranged on the machine body, and the automatic seeding system is characterized by further comprising a horizontally-arranged guide rail; the guide rail is erected above the land in a suspended mode through a foundation pile vertically arranged below the guide rail, the soil loosening device, the sowing device, the fertilizing device and the soil covering device are arranged on the machine body in a left-right symmetrical and grouped mode, and the walking device is arranged in the middle of the machine body and matched with the guide rail to achieve walking. According to the invention, the disadvantage of land rolling on crop growth can be better avoided, the function integration degree is high, the automation degree is high, the automatic seeding efficiency is improved, the fertilizer scattering width during fertilization can be adjusted according to different fertilizer tolerance of seeds, the fertilizer damage phenomenon is better reduced, and the germination rate and the survival rate of the seeds are improved.

The application provides a multi-species multi-machine cooperative intercropping seeding system, which comprises a central controller, a hopper and a flying vehicle; a rectangular coordinate system and a plurality of cloud memories are arranged in the central controller; the central controller is used for receiving a plurality of acupoint coordinates and species information input by a user based on the rectangular coordinate system, and then sending the acupoint coordinates corresponding to the same species information into corresponding cloud memories for storage; the cloud memories are used for inputting the acupoint coordinates into the cloud memories for storage or outputting the acupoint coordinates from the cloud memories one by one according to a characteristic rule; a discharging valve is arranged at the lower end of the hopper; a cap is arranged on the surface of the hopper; and the flying vehicle is provided with a terminal controller and a CMOS jumper. According to the technical scheme, the acupoint coordinates are classified and stored in the cloud memories according to the species information, so that the data can be stored for a long time, the situation that the acupoint coordinates are overlapped or intersected can be avoided, the seeding efficiency is improved, and the labor intensity is reduced.

The invention relates to the technical field of corn breeding, in particular to quantitative seeding equipment for corn breeding, which comprises a movable rack and a plurality of ditching and soil covering assemblies arranged below the movable rack, each ditching and soil covering assembly comprises a ditching cutter with a U-shaped bottom, and soil inlet hoppers are symmetrically and fixedly communicated with two sides of each ditching cutter. The top of the ditching cutter is slidably connected with a discharging pipe, the interior of the ditching cutter is fixedly connected with a third partition plate, and the bottom of one side of the third partition plate is fixedly connected with a V-shaped guide plate which is obliquely arranged; according to the method, a layered breeding and sowing system which firstly performs deep fertilization and then performs shallow sowing is adopted and is used for accurately matching the growth requirements of corn breeding: deep fertilization enables a fertilizer to be located in a key growth area where a root system extends, continuous and targeted nutrition supply is provided for downward deep pricking of the root system in the middle and later periods of corn growth, and cultivation of strong seedlings is assisted; meanwhile, the natural isolation effect of the soil layer is utilized, so that the problems of seed burning and seedling burning caused by close-distance contact between the fertilizer and the seeds in traditional sowing are thoroughly avoided.

The invention discloses an agricultural machinery collision risk grading method for agricultural machinery operation safety, and relates to the technical field of agricultural machinery safety control. The invention aims to solve the problems that an existing agricultural machinery safety early warning mode cannot perform systematic perception and quantitative evaluation on a comprehensive risk under a multi-factor coupling effect, and is lack of active prediction and grading intervention capability on a potential collision risk. The invention relates to an agricultural machinery collision risk grading method for agricultural machinery operation safety. The method comprises the following steps: calculating coupling risk indexes of various subsystems of an agricultural machinery; calculating coupling risk indexes induced by the agricultural machinery in multiple working environments; and according to the coupling risk indexes of the multiple subsystems of the agricultural machine and the coupling risk indexes induced by the multiple working environments of the agricultural machine, calculating an agricultural machine system-environment coupled traffic collision risk index, and then according to the agricultural machine system-environment coupled traffic collision risk index, dividing an agricultural machine traffic collision risk grade.

The present application relates to the technical field of agricultural seeding, in particular to a pneumatic seeding system and method. The seeding system comprises an inlet channel, a fluid oscillation mixer and a distributor, and the inlet channel is communicated with the distributor through the fluid oscillation mixer; the distributor comprises a flow distribution cover at the top, a bottom plate at the bottom, spring leaves movably connected to the bottom plate, an elastic arc plate below the flow distribution cover in an arc curve shape, an elastic cavity between the elastic arc plate and the flow distribution cover above the elastic arc plate, a gas flow chamber between the elastic arc plate and the bottom plate below the elastic arc plate, and a seeding port arranged along the circumferential side of the distributor and communicated with the gas flow chamber. The present application realizes sufficient mixing of crop seeds and gas, ensures uniformity and stability of the airflow, improves the seeding effect and guarantees the seeding quality.

The invention relates to a stateful protocol grey box fuzzy test method based on heuristic variation scheduling, which comprises the following steps: S1, initializing a test environment, and establishing a high-speed communication channel based on a shared memory, S2, dividing an initial seed set into a plurality of source seed systems according to sources; s3, selecting a target test state based on an inferred protocol state machine, and selecting a message sequence capable of reaching the state from a corpus, S4, selecting an enabled mutation operator to perform havoc mutation on candidate subsequences according to a current generation offspring mutation strategy of a current source seed system; s5, the test case is sent to the server through the shared memory channel, and the execution state is monitored; s6, generating a new generation of filial generation strategy after the first generation of filial generation strategy of the current source seed system is evaluated; and S7, repeating the steps S3 to S6 until a test termination condition is met. According to the method, global exploration and local development can be effectively balanced, the diversity and pertinence of test cases are improved, and the coverage capability of protocol states and code paths and the discovery probability of deep vulnerabilities are remarkably enhanced.

The invention discloses an automatic integrated precision seeding device, and belongs to the technical field of agricultural machinery. The device comprises a rack assembly, a seed supply system, a precise seed metering system, a ditching-soil covering linkage system, an automatic control system and a power transmission system, all the systems are coordinated to work through a PLC, and the integrated automatic operation of ditching, seed metering, soil covering and pressing is achieved. The device has the core advantages that electromagnetic vibration seed metering and sensor closed-loop control are adopted, the seeding precision is high (the plant spacing error is smaller than or equal to + / -5mm, and the single seed rate is larger than or equal to 95%); multiple functions are integrated, the automation integration degree is high, and the operation efficiency is improved by more than 30%; due to the modular design and the parameter adjustable characteristic, the unmanned aerial vehicle can adapt to different crops and terrains, and unmanned operation can be achieved by combining a GPS and remote control. The device effectively solves the problems of low automation degree, insufficient precision and poor adaptability of the existing seeding machine, and is suitable for large-scale agricultural production.

A seeding system includes a commodity tank configured to store a commodity, the commodity tank having an outlet. A meter has a meter inlet at the outlet of the commodity tank, a meter outlet, and a metering device between the meter inlet and the meter outlet. A manifold has a commodity inlet at the meter outlet, a first shoot having a first air inlet and a first manifold outlet, and a second shoot having a second air inlet and a second manifold outlet. A valve is positioned upstream of the first and second air inlets and configured to selectively direct an airflow to the first air inlet and to selectively direct the airflow to the second air inlet. Each of the first shoot and the second shoot are in selective communication with the commodity inlet to receive the commodity therefrom.

The invention relates to the field of seeders, in particular to a seeder performance test platform. The invention aims to solve the technical problems that a seeder test platform only tests a seeding system, a fertilizer feeding system and the like of a seeder and does not perform a simulation test on an actual working environment of the seeder, and whether the seeding quality can meet agricultural requirements when the seeder works in a region with a relatively large slope and a region with an uneven ground is solved. Comprising a fixing platform, a conveying mechanism is arranged on the upper side of the fixing platform, a screening mechanism is arranged on one side of the conveying mechanism, a sand scattering mechanism is arranged on the other side of the conveying mechanism, a fixing mechanism is arranged on one side of the sand scattering mechanism, a seeding machine is arranged on one side of the fixing mechanism, and an angle adjusting mechanism is arranged on the lower side of the fixing platform. A base is arranged on the lower side of the angle adjusting mechanism, and supporting mechanisms are arranged on the two sides of the angle adjusting mechanism. By arranging the angle adjusting mechanism, the operation condition of the seeder at a certain gradient is simulated, and the degree of gradient which the seeder can adapt to for operation is detected.

The invention discloses an automatic seedling raising machine, and relates to the technical field of agricultural machinery. The automatic seedling raising machine comprises a frame main body, a walking system, a seeding system, a sensing detection system, a visual monitoring system, a control system and a data acquisition and transmission system, the walking system achieves automatic walking through a driving device, the sowing system achieves accurate sowing of seeds and soil, the sensing detection system monitors the environment and the material state in real time, the visual monitoring system collects operation images in a multi-dimensional mode, and the control system achieves parameter optimization and automatic control. And the data acquisition and transmission system supports remote monitoring and data tracing. According to the invention, full-automatic, precise and intelligent management of seedling raising operation is realized, and the efficiency and quality of seedling raising operation are improved.

A multi-channel, parallel, quantitative, equal-flow, and synchronous injection system for alkali metal seeds comprises a programmable high-pressure injection pump, a multi-channel, parallel liquid alkali metal delivery pipeline system, a multi-channel, parallel inert gas supply and delivery pipeline system, a pneumatic atomization seed injection ring, an inert gas heating furnace system, and a ferromagnetic shield. The programmable high-pressure injection pump actuator simultaneously and quantitatively pushes liquid alkali metal seeds from N high-pressure stainless steel syringes according to a set program. The liquid alkali metal seeds then enter N corresponding pneumatic atomization spray guns of the pneumatic atomization seed injection ring through N corresponding liquid alkali metal delivery pipelines and directly into the mixing chamber at the end of the spray guns. There, the liquid seeds are mixed with inert gas fed into the mixing chamber at the end of the pneumatic atomization spray guns through N inert gas supply and delivery pipelines, atomized, and injected into the injection ring. This invention enables on-demand, quantitative, equal-flow, and synchronous multi-channel injection of alkali metal seeds, thereby achieving uniform mixing and sufficient ionization of the alkali metal seeds with the main airflow.

The invention discloses an oxalate seed crystal induced precipitation method and device in an alumina seed precipitation system, and belongs to the technical field of alumina production. The invention relates to an oxalate seed crystal induced precipitation method in an alumina seed precipitation system. The method comprises the following steps: S1, low-temperature induced precipitation; introducing the seed precipitation mother liquor into a purification tank, and reducing the solubility of oxalate under a low-temperature condition; s2, circularly inducing the seed crystals to form balls; introducing oxalate seed crystals into the purification tank to form crystal nucleuses to induce oxalate to directionally grow into spherical particles; s3, dynamic separation; discharging from the bottom of the purification tank, intercepting spherical oxalate particles through a screening structure, and returning mother liquor to a production process. The method is simple in process and easy to operate, does not need a complicated process flow, and is easy to implement on an existing aluminum oxide production line; the cost is low: existing equipment and process conditions are fully utilized, additional equipment investment does not need to be increased, and the process is relatively simple; the separated spherical oxalate particles are large in particle size and easy to separate from the mother liquor, so that the removal effect is improved.

An agricultural machine includes a seeding system having a seed meter configured to meter seed, a seed meter sensor configured to generate a sensor signal indicative of movement of the seed meter, and an assistive seed transport mechanism configured to receive the metered seed from the seed meter and to transport the metered seed along a delivery path. A control system is configured to determine a position of the seed in the assistive seed transport mechanism based on the sensor signal, and generate a control signal to control the agricultural machine based on the determined position of the seed.

The application discloses an agricultural automatic seeding system and device, and relates to the technical field of agricultural seeding; the agricultural automatic seeding system comprises the following steps: S1, first, a soil turning mechanism is started to break up the clods in the soil of the land to be seeded, so that the soil is loose and is convenient for cultivation; S2, a feeding and conveying mechanism is used to convey the seeding seeds from a chute to a conveying pipe one by one; S3, a seeding and soil covering mechanism is used to seed and cover the soil at the same time; and S4, an indirect liquid spraying mechanism is used to spray a seed germination accelerating agent on the seeded seeds; the seeding and soil covering mechanism, the indirect liquid spraying mechanism, the feeding and conveying mechanism and the soil turning mechanism are used, first, the soil turning mechanism is used to turn up the land to be planted, so that the seeding is convenient; the feeding and conveying mechanism is used to convey the seeds to the seeding and soil covering mechanism, the soil covering mechanism is used to dig a pit, then the seeds are seeded, and after the seeds are seeded, the surrounding miscellaneous soil is pushed into the pit to bury the seeds.

The application discloses a closed seed adding system for a crystallization kettle, which comprises a crystallization kettle, a crystallization adding tank and a centrifugal pump, the top end of the crystallization kettle is provided with a circulating inlet, the bottom end of the crystallization kettle is provided with a circulating outlet, the circulating outlet is connected with the liquid inlet of the centrifugal pump, the liquid outlet of the centrifugal pump is connected with the bottom end of the crystallization adding tank through a first pipeline, and the top end of the crystallization adding tank is connected with the circulating inlet through a second pipeline. The application adds an external circulation outside the crystallization kettle, under the condition that the valves on the circulating inlet and the circulating outlet are closed, the seed is added into the crystallization adding tank, then the centrifugal pump is started under the condition that the crystallization adding tank is isolated from the outside world, and the seed in the crystallization adding tank can be brought into the crystallization kettle from the liquid in the crystallization kettle through the external circulation, the seed is directly brought into the crystallization kettle through the external circulation, the balance and pressure in the crystallization kettle are not damaged, and the seed can be uniformly mixed during the circulation.

The invention discloses a full-automatic production, fertilization and sowing all-in-one machine for seedling culture nutrition blocks, and relates to the technical field of seedling culture nutrition block production equipment. The intelligent production line comprises an intelligent production line outer frame, a mesh belt conveying line body is arranged in the intelligent production line outer frame, a seedling raising nutrition block pressing system is arranged at the right end of the mesh belt conveying line body, and a sterilization system, a fertilization system, a seeding system and a soil covering system are installed in the intelligent production line outer frame. The sterilization system, the fertilization system, the seeding system and the soil covering system are sequentially distributed from right to left. Through the arrangement of the seedling raising nutrition block pressing system, a plurality of nutrition blocks can be pressed at a time, and the plurality of nutrition blocks are automatically arranged in rows and moved to the mesh belt conveying line body under the action of the material conveying guide plate and the material conveying guide roller; then the nutrition blocks are efficiently sterilized, fertilized, sown and covered with soil through the sterilization system, the fertilization system, the sowing system and the soil covering system, and the production efficiency is high.