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199results about "Solid state laser constructional details" patented technology

Heterogeneous Photonic Circuits

Heterogeneous photonic circuits comprise a gain section optically coupled to a photonics section. The gain section can include at least one gain waveguide which can be formed from a III-V semiconductor material to provide optical gain. The gain waveguide can be coupled to optical components in the photonics section to form an integrated pump module. The photonics section can include a light-generating photonic circuit, which can comprise at least one waveguide doped with a rare-earth ion or transition-metal ion. Output from the integrated pump module and / or the light-generating photonic circuit can be tunable. Tuning can be implemented with feedback control.
Owner:BEACON PHOTONICS INC

All-Optical Laser-Driven Light Source with Electrodeless Ignition

An electrodeless laser-driven light source includes a laser source that generates a CW sustaining light and a pump laser that generates a pump. An optical beam combiner combines the CW sustaining light and the pump such that the CW sustaining light and the pump propagate co-linearly. A Q-switched laser crystal generates pulsed light in response to the pump. A gas-filled bulb is configured such that the pulsed light ignites a pulse plasma in a breakdown region of the gas bulb and the sustaining light sustains a CW plasma in a CW plasma region of the gas bulb, thereby emitting a high brightness light from the gas bulb, where the gas-filled bulb is positioned between the output of the pump laser and the pump input of the Q-switched laser crystal such that the CW plasma absorbs the pump light quenching the pulsed light generated by the Q-switched laser crystal.
Owner:HAMAMATSU PHOTONICS KK +1

Laser resonant cavity for enhancing heat dissipation performance of gain medium and heat dissipation method

The invention discloses a laser resonant cavity capable of strengthening the heat dissipation performance of a gain medium and a heat dissipation method, and belongs to the field of laser optical-mechanical structure design. Comprising a laser sealing cavity and a gain medium welding part installed in the laser sealing cavity, and the gain medium welding part is fixed in the laser sealing cavity through a resonant cavity support. The resonant cavity support comprises a support body and a heat pipe assembly installed on the support body, the heat absorption end of the heat pipe assembly is connected with the gain medium welding part, and the heat dissipation end of the heat pipe assembly is connected with a shell of the laser sealing cavity through a heat transfer assembly. Heat generated by the gain medium welding part is sequentially transmitted to the heat transmission assembly and the shell through the heat pipe assembly, so that heat dissipation of the gain medium is completed. The problem that an existing small laser product is narrow in space and cannot dissipate heat in time is solved.
Owner:LUOYANG INST OF ELECTRO OPTICAL EQUIP OF AVIC

Master oscillator power amplifier laser systems and methods

Consolidated Master Oscillator Power Amplifier (MOPA) laser modules and method of fabrication thereof. A MOPA comprises a prefabricated chassis, comprising a plurality of surfaces, a master oscillator laser (MO), enduringly affixed to at least one first surface out of the plurality of surfaces, a power amplifier (PA), enduringly affixed to at least one second surface out of the plurality of surfaces, wherein a spatial relationship between the at least one first surface and the at least one second surface determines an alignment between the MO and the PA, and a beam transfer system (BTS), enduringly affixed to the prefabricated chassis, the BTS comprising a plurality of optical elements for transferring light outputted from the MO to the PA for amplification.
Owner:TRIEYE LTD

Led-driven metasurface RGB laser module & actively controlled variable aperture single mode metasurface laser enabled by µ-led arrays

PCT designated stage expiredWO2025153225A1Laser arrangementsActive medium materialOptical cavityLed array
A light emitting device is provided including a wavelength conversion structure configured to convert electromagnetic radiation of a first wavelength in to an electromagnetic radiation of a second wavelength; a plurality of light sources, wherein at least one light source is configured to emit an electromagnetic radiation of the first wavelength, wherein the plurality of light sources are arranged on or above the wavelength conversion structure; and an optical metastructure configured as optical cavity comprising a resonance frequency at about the second wavelength.
Owner:AMS OSRAM INT GMBH

Femtosecond fiber laser and temperature control method

The invention relates to the field of femtosecond fiber lasers, and provides a femtosecond fiber laser and a temperature control method. The femtosecond fiber laser comprises a laser shell with the periphery closed, a master control module, a pumping source, a fiber coiling box and a TEC module are arranged in the laser shell, one face of the TEC module is tightly attached to the laser shell, and the other face of the TEC module is tightly attached to the fiber coiling box; the main control module is connected with the pumping source, the fiber coiling box and the TEC module; and a light path part of the laser and a temperature sensor are arranged in the fiber coiling box. According to the invention, the working temperature of the femtosecond fiber laser can be accurately controlled, so that the femtosecond fiber laser can operate under a stable temperature condition, and the performance and the stability of the femtosecond fiber laser are improved.
Owner:JIUZHANG (JINAN) QUANTUM TECHNOLOGY CO LTD

Green laser assembly, optical module and application in photovoltaic assembly processing

The invention discloses a green laser assembly, an optical module and application of the green laser assembly in photovoltaic assembly processing, a shell is provided with a first fixed reflector coated with a reflecting film for reflecting 1064nm, a first acousto-optic Q switch and a second acousto-optic Q switch are orthogonally arranged, an Nd: YAG laser uses an Nd: YAG crystal rod with the diameter of 6mm and the length of 166mm, and a second fixed reflector coated with a reflecting film for reflecting 1064nm is arranged on the Nd: YAG crystal rod. The first dichroscope transmits 1064nm and reflects 532nm to improve the conversion efficiency of frequency multiplication, the LBO crystal 16 is placed close to the second dichroscope to improve the power density and the conversion efficiency, and the second dichroscope reflects 1064nm and transmits 532nm. And the light with the wavelength of 532nm transmitted by the second dichroscope is coupled into an input end optical fiber of the optical fiber beam splitter after passing through the optical isolator and the first lens. The short-wavelength green laser is adopted, the photovoltaic welding strip is mainly composed of the copper base material and the tin alloy, the green laser absorptivity is far larger than the near-infrared wavelength (about 1 micron) absorptivity, and the laser absorptivity of the welding strip is remarkably improved.
Owner:WUXI YUNCHENG ELECTRIC POWER TECH CO LTD

Light and small type wide-temperature-amplitude laser for space application

The invention discloses a light and small wide-temperature-amplitude laser for space application. The light and small wide-temperature-amplitude laser comprises a laser base, a laser shell and a laser resonant cavity. The laser base and the laser shell are combined to form a sealed cavity; the laser resonant cavity is located in the sealed cavity and comprises an LD array, an LD coupling assembly, a laser crystal, a polarization element, an electro-optical Q switch, a quarter-wave plate and an output mirror which are sequentially arranged, and pump light emitted by the LD array sequentially passes through the coupling assembly, the laser crystal and the polarization element and is emitted through the quarter-wave plate and the output mirror when the electro-optical Q switch is turned on. The weight of the laser can be greatly reduced, the size of the laser is reduced, meanwhile, wide-temperature-amplitude work can be achieved, and the work power consumption of the laser is reduced.
Owner:BEIJING RES INST OF SPATIAL MECHANICAL & ELECTRICAL TECH

Laser amplifier based on wavefront distortion correction

The invention discloses a laser amplifier based on wavefront distortion correction, which relates to the technical field of lasers and comprises a laser source, a gain medium, a wavefront sensor, a self-adaptive optical wavefront correction module and a feedback control system. The laser beam amplified by the gain medium is output through the second optical coupler, the wavefront sensor is connected with the output end of the gain medium, and the feedback control system is connected with the wavefront sensor and the adaptive optical wavefront correction module through a data bus and automatically generates a correction signal according to wavefront distortion data. The feedback control system is installed, the function of adjusting and correcting parameters in real time based on wavefront distortion is achieved, the problem that wavefront distortion caused by optical system errors or environment disturbance is difficult to monitor and correct in real time through a traditional laser amplifier is solved, the focusing performance and transmission efficiency of laser beams are improved, and the laser amplifier has a wide application prospect. And stable and high-quality light beam output is maintained.
Owner:ANHUI HUACHUANG HONGDU PHOTOELECTRIC TECHNOLOGY CO LTD

Mount for a Measuring Device

A mount for a measuring device, for example a laser level, includes a first mounting member having a first mounting surface that defines a first plane and includes at least one first magnet, a second mounting member having a second mounting surface that includes at least one second magnet, and a measuring device support configured to support the measuring device. The second mounting member has a first position at which the second mounting member extends on an opposite side of the first plane from the measuring device support and the first and second mounting surfaces are substantially perpendicular to one another.
Owner:ROBERT BOSCH GMBH

Passively Q-switched laser and laser system for ranging applications

A passively, Q-switched laser is described. The laser may operate at an eye-safe lasing wavelength of 1.34 microns and use a gain element of Nd:YVO4 and a saturable absorber element of V:YAG with a space separating the gain element and saturable absorber element. The Q-switched laser is pumped by a grating stabilized laser diode. The laser may be used in laser ranging applications.
Owner:KANE THOMAS JAMES +1

Intracavity pumping of laser gain material

A multi-cavity system for intracavity laser pumping, comprising a first laser cavity. The first laser cavity may comprise a first gain chip, configured to generate a first laser beam, and a first end mirror disposed optically in line with the first gain chip, configured to reflect the first laser beam back to the first gain chip. The first laser cavity may further comprise a second gain chip disposed optically in line with the first gain chip. The first laser beam may be configured to excite the second gain chip. The second gain chip may be configured to generate a second laser beam upon excitation by the first laser beam. The system may further comprise a second laser cavity at least partially intersecting with the first laser cavity. The second laser beam may be configured to be directed through the second laser cavity.
Owner:DEUVE PHOTONICS INC

Intermediate infrared nonlinear crystal, intermediate infrared laser and preparation method of intermediate infrared nonlinear crystal

The invention discloses a mid-infrared nonlinear crystal, a mid-infrared laser and a preparation method of the mid-infrared nonlinear crystal, a slice crystal is adopted, an included angle theta is formed between an optical axis Z axis of the slice crystal and the surface, the slice crystal is polarized into a periodic polarization structure with the period of lambda through a room temperature electric field polarization technology, and a large surface forms an optical plane through polishing. The problem of how to reduce the thermal lens effect of the intermediate infrared nonlinear crystal is solved, and the damage threshold of the intermediate infrared nonlinear crystal can be improved, so that the laser output power is improved.
Owner:NANJING NANZHI INST OF ADVANCED OPTOELECTRONIC INTEGRATION NANJING

Linkage locking sheet-shaped amplifier sealing bottom plate convenient to disassemble and assemble

The invention belongs to the field of high-power solid lasers, and particularly relates to a linkage locking sheet-shaped amplifier sealing bottom plate structure convenient to disassemble and assemble. The structure comprises a bottom plate, a driving sliding block mechanism, a pi-shaped sliding frame, a sliding linkage mechanism and a positioning locking mechanism. The pi-shaped sliding frame is driven to slide by driving linear movement of the sliding block mechanism, and the locking rods of the multiple positioning locking mechanisms are synchronously controlled through the sliding linkage mechanism, so that rapid locking and unlocking operation of the sealing bottom plate is achieved. And a pre-tightening spring in the positioning and locking mechanism provides automatic pulling force, so that a firm locking effect is ensured. The linkage locking mechanism is used for replacing a screw fixing mode in the prior art, mounting and dismounting of the sealing bottom plate can be rapidly completed only through simple sliding operation, the operation process is greatly simplified, the maintenance difficulty is reduced, and the working efficiency is effectively improved.
Owner:SHANGHAI INST OF OPTICS & FINE MECHANICS CHINESE ACAD OF SCI

Multi-layer dissimilar material thermal bonding method based on assistance of SiO2 thin film interlayer

The invention discloses a multi-layer dissimilar material thermal bonding method based on SiO2 thin film interlayer assistance. The method comprises the steps that S1, cutting and annealing destressing treatment are conducted on an Nd: YAG substrate and a cooling fin which need to be bonded; s2, finely regulating and controlling the surface shape and the roughness of the crystal bonding surface of the processed Nd: YAG substrate and the radiating fin to ensure that the bonding surface is flat and smooth; s3, the Nd: YAG substrate and the cooling fin which are subjected to grinding and polishing are cleaned; s4, the two sides of the cleaned Nd: YAG substrate are plated with SiO2 thin films; s5, gently attaching the coated Nd: YAG substrate and the cooling fin at room temperature by using Van der Waals force to complete primary optical cement; and S6, carrying out heat treatment on the Nd: YAG substrate and the cooling fin which are subjected to primary optical cement to obtain the multi-layer dissimilar material thermal bonding gain medium. According to the method, bonding is assisted through the SiO2 thin film intermediate layer, and the bonding stress caused by mismatching of thermal expansion coefficients during thermal bonding of multiple layers of dissimilar materials can be eliminated.
Owner:BEIJING UNIV OF TECH

Substrate comprising slot for holding optical component of laser cavity

In a substrate (1) for holding a plurality of components (6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6) of an optical laser cavity, where the substrate (1) comprises a plurality of slots (2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6), where each slot (2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6) is configured to receive one of the components (6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6), the substrate (1) comprises a micro-positioning system (4) configured to enable micro-positioning of the component (6.1) after at least one of the components (6.1) is received in its corresponding slot (2.1).
Owner:ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FEDERALE DE LAUSANNE (EPFL)

Self-cooling fiber laser

The invention relates to the technical field of optical fiber lasers, and provides a self-cooling optical fiber laser which comprises an optical fiber laser body, a wire is installed at the output end of the optical fiber laser body, one end of the wire is fixedly connected with a transmitting end, and the outer wall of the optical fiber laser body is fixedly connected with an assembling mechanism. The assembling mechanism comprises a U-shaped positioning frame fixedly installed on the outer wall of the optical fiber laser body, the bottom of the U-shaped positioning frame is fixedly connected with a clamping plate, the outer wall of the U-shaped positioning frame is fixedly connected with a lantern ring, and the interior of the lantern ring is movably connected with a positioning bolt. According to the invention, by moving the optical fiber laser main body, the clamping plate is driven to be butted and clamped into the clamping groove formed in the substrate, at the moment, the U-shaped positioning frame and the substrate are butted, the positioning bolt penetrates through the lantern ring and is butted to the upper part of the threaded hole, and the positioning bolt is rotated, so that the effect of conveniently and stably assembling and connecting the optical fiber laser main body and the substrate is achieved.
Owner:镇江成金新材料科技有限公司

Cooling system and laser

PCT designated stage expiredWO2025066235A1Active medium shape and constructionLaser cooling arrangements
A cooling system (100) and a laser. The cooling system (100) comprises a housing (110), a fan (120), a mounting base (130), a condenser (140) and a cooling assembly (150), wherein the housing (110) comprises a cooling air duct (111); the fan (120) is connected to the housing (110), and is configured to provide an airflow into the cooling air duct (111) and enable the airflow in the cooling air duct (111) to flow from an inlet to an outlet of the cooling air duct (111); the mounting base (130) is connected to the housing (110) and located in the cooling air channel (111), and a first cooling flow channel (131) is provided in the mounting base (130); the condenser (140) is connected to the housing (110) and located in the cooling air channel (111), and a second cooling flow channel (143) is provided in the condenser (140); and an outlet of the cooling assembly (150) is connected to an inlet of the first cooling channel (131) and an inlet of the second cooling channel (143), the cooling assembly (150) is configured to supply a cooling medium to the first cooling channel (131) and the second cooling channel (143), and the temperature of the cooling medium entering the first cooling channel (131) is greater than the temperature of the cooling medium entering the second cooling channel (143).
Owner:WUHAN RAYCUS FIBER LASER TECHNOLOGY CO LTD

Silver-diamond heatsinks for optical devices

A heat sink assembly may include a first cooling stack. The first cooling stack may include a silver-diamond composite material. The heat sink assembly may include a second cooling stack. The second cooling stack may include the silver-diamond composite material. The heat sink assembly may include a crystal rod. The crystal rod may be an ytterbium-doped, yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser medium. The crystal rod may be at least partially sandwiched by the first cooling stack and the second cooling stack.
Owner:WELLS FARGO BANK NA

Laser and laser device

The utility model provides a laser and a laser device, the laser comprises a housing, a laser module and an air tap module, and an accommodating cavity is formed in the housing; at least part of the laser module is arranged in the accommodating cavity, and the laser module is provided with a light outlet; the air nozzle module is arranged on the lower side of the laser module and is provided with an air guide channel, a flow guide cavity and an outlet, the flow guide cavity is communicated with the air guide channel, the air guide channel can guide airflow output by an air source to the flow guide cavity, the airflow is blown out from the outlet after passing through the flow guide cavity, and the air nozzle module is arranged on the lower side of the laser module. A light outlet of the laser module is located in the flow guide cavity, and the outlet coincides with the center line of the light outlet. According to the technical scheme, the influence of dust and other impurities on the laser machining process can be effectively reduced, and interference of the air pipe on the laser device is reduced.
Owner:SHENZHEN MAKER WORKS TECH CO LTD

Tapered laser gain module, tapered laser amplifier and tapered laser oscillator

A conical laser gain module comprises a pump light source, a laser rod and a conical structure. A tapered structure including a large taper hole and a small taper hole connected by a taper axis is used to receive a laser rod parallel to the taper axis and concentrate pump light toward the laser rod. Pump light enters the conical structure from the large conical hole to the small conical hole. The laser rod is used for absorbing the pump light so as to generate amplified laser along a laser emission axis parallel to a laser rod axis. Specifically, some of the pump light, which diverges and initially miss the laser rod, is reflected by the inner surface of the tapered structure and concentrated on the laser rod. A tapered laser amplifier and a tapered laser oscillator using a single or tandem tapered laser gain module are also provided.
Owner:LEDLAS CORP

A laser amplifier based on wavefront aberration correction

The present invention discloses a laser amplifier based on wavefront aberration correction, which relates to the technical field of lasers. It includes a laser source, a gain medium, a wavefront sensor, an adaptive optical wavefront correction module, and a feedback control system. The laser source is connected to the gain medium through a first optical coupler. The laser beam amplified by the gain medium is output through a second optical coupler. The wavefront sensor is connected to the output end of the gain medium. The feedback control system is connected to the wavefront sensor and the adaptive optical wavefront correction module through a data bus, and automatically generates a correction signal according to the wavefront aberration data. By installing the feedback control system, the present invention realizes the function of real-time adjusting correction parameters based on wavefront aberration, solves the problem that traditional laser amplifiers are difficult to monitor and correct wavefront aberration caused by optical system errors or environmental disturbances in real time, improves the focusing performance and transmission efficiency of the laser beam, and maintains stable and high-quality beam output.
Owner:ANHUI HUACHUANG HONGDU OPTOELECTRONICS TECH CO LTD

Laser optical fiber anti-breakage device

The present invention discloses a laser optical fiber anti-breakage device, comprising a laser, a timer is provided on the top right side of the front face of the laser, an access socket is fixedly connected to the top left side of the front face of the laser, a protective mechanism is provided in the access socket, an access optical fiber is provided in the middle of the protective mechanism, a buffer mechanism 1, a maintenance mechanism and a buffer mechanism 2 are provided in the protective mechanism, and the protective mechanism comprises a threaded access cylinder, a protective shell 1, a protective shell 2, a protective cover and a protective rubber tube; the present invention, by setting a timer, when the time set by the timer is reached, the telescopic rod is controlled to work, so that the movable piston disk in the oil outlet is moved, and the lubricating oil inside the oil outlet can be pushed to flow to the oil coating roller through the bottom of the oil outlet, and when the access optical fiber is pulled, the lubricating oil is applied by rolling with the oil coating roller, so that the friction of the contact surface of the access optical fiber can be reduced, thereby preventing the outer surface from cracking during pulling.
Owner:ZHONGSHAN FILM ART TECHNOLOGY CO LTD

Numerical control water-cooling rotating mechanism for laser crystal

The application provides a laser crystal numerical control water-cooling rotating mechanism, which comprises a box body, a transmission mechanism fixedly installed in the inside of the box body, a numerical control driving device fixedly installed on the outside of the box body and having an output shaft clamped in the inside of the transmission mechanism, and supporting legs arranged at the bottoms of the two sides of the box body, the inside of one side of the box body is respectively communicated with a liquid inlet and a liquid outlet, and the outside of the box body away from the numerical control driving device is fixedly installed with two symmetrically distributed outlet sealing covers, the inside of each outlet sealing cover movably sheaths two end covers which are fixedly sheathed in the inside of the transmission mechanism and symmetrically distributed. The laser crystal numerical control water-cooling rotating mechanism is used in cooperation with the first gear, the second gear and the gear shaft, so that the water-cooling rotating mechanism can drive the crystal to rotate under the driving of the numerical control driving device, the crystal different parts can emit laser in turn, the heat of the crystal can be forcedly taken away by the cooling liquid around the crystal, the crystal is fully cooled in time and space, and the problem of the damage of the laser crystal due to heating is solved.
Owner:ANYANG RUIHENG CNC MASCH TOOL CO LTD

Laser apparatus

Fluctuations in optical output are positively suppressed in a laser apparatus that adjusts the temperature of a housing that contains constituent components of a laser to be a predetermined temperature. Constituent components of a laser that include a resonator constituted by the back end surface of a laser diode and a resonator mirror are contained within a housing. The housing is bonded to a Peltier element via an adhesive layer. The Peltier element is driven based on detected temperatures within the housing to adjust the housing to be of a predetermined temperature. An adhesive layer in which a plurality of substantially uniformly shaped spacers that regulate the distance between the housing and the Peltier element are dispersed is employed as the adhesive layer.
Owner:KYOCERA SOC CORP

Laser device

A laser device according to various embodiments includes: a housing; an inlet valve disposed in a first direction of the housing and configured to flow cooling water; an outlet valve disposed in a second direction of the housing and configured to discharge cooling water; a laser output unit which is accommodated in the housing and is configured so as to apply a power supply to output a laser beam; and a cooling structure for cooling the laser output unit, the cooling structure may include: a support member for accommodating the laser output unit therein; and a flow path that is formed on the surface of the support member so as to face the inside direction of the support member and that provides a path through which the cooling water flows. According to the utility model, by using the supporting component with the micro-channel, not only can the laser active medium be directly cooled by using cooling water, but also the vibration caused by the flow velocity is inhibited by using the micro-channel.
Owner:TECHNICS

Dual-beam single spatial mode laser for handheld LIBS instrumentation and its applications

A handheld LIBS device includes a laser assembly including a housing and an optical resonator subsystem within the housing, the resonator subsystem including a gain medium, a prism configured to establish two optical paths through the gain medium, and a Q-switch positioned to interrupt the two optical paths.
Owner:SCIAPS INC

A semiconductor-pumped solid-fiber laser

The application discloses a kind of semiconductor pumping solid optical fiber lasers, it is related to optical fiber laser technical field;It improves to check whether the aging damage of optical fiber is removed laser, more troublesome complex, the impact and vibration generated by outside possibly lead to the damage of internal element of optical fiber laser problem, and the present application includes first shell and the second shell being arranged in first shell side, the first shell is connected with second shell by dismounting mechanism, the inside of the first shell is provided with first installation bucket, the side of the first installation bucket is provided with second installation bucket;The present application is provided with first shell and second shell, so that first shell and second shell can be separated from each other, whether the doped optical fiber inside the transparent connecting ring is aging damaged or not is observed through the gap between first shell and second shell, without dismounting the doped optical fiber for observation, simple and convenient operation, save a certain amount of labor.
Owner:JIANGSU ETERN OPTOELECTRONICS TECH CO LTD

High-energy laser apparatus for thin film temperture sensing

A high-energy laser (HEL) element is provided and includes a non-conductive substrate layer assembly, a reflector layer assembly and a thermally conductive carbon layer. The thermally conductive carbon layer is at least partially interposed between the non-conductive substrate layer assembly and the reflector layer assembly.
Owner:RAYTHEON CO

Liquid-cooled laser amplifier head

A laser amplifier head including plates of a laser active medium which are placed inside a housing which has an inlet port and an outlet port. A cooler includes a cooling circuit connected to the housing and suited to the circulation of a cooling liquid, a cooling duct, inside the housing, in contact with the active medium, in which the cooling liquid flows, allowing an exchange of heat between the latter and the plates, and a regulator able to regulate a temperature of the cooling liquid such that a thermo-optical coefficientdndTof the cooling liquid satisfies the following condition:<semantics definitionURL="">❘<annotation encoding="Mathematica">"\[LeftBracketingBar]"< / annotation>< / semantics>d⁢nd⁢T<semantics definitionURL="">❘<annotation encoding="Mathematica">"\[RightBracketingBar]"< / annotation>< / semantics><6⁢λ0Δ⁢T*∑φH⁢(I)where ΔT represents the difference in temperature between the cooling liquid and the plates of the active medium, ΣφH represents the sum of the hydraulic diameters of the cooling duct and λ0 represents the wavelength of the beam in a vacuum.
Owner:CENT NAT DE LA RECH SCI (C N R S) +2