The invention discloses a gapped core-type Rogowski coil transformer based on magnetic potentiometer compensation. The gapped core-type Rogowski coil transformer comprises a gapped closed-loop core, a primary coil, a secondary coil, a magnetic potentiometer framework, a magnetic potentiometer coil, an inner-loop-grooved annular shielding box, a first bilateral voltage-regulator tube, a second bilateral voltage-regulator tube, a first operational amplifier, a second operational amplifier, a signal conditioning circuit, a first resistor, a second resistor, a third resistor, an integrating capacitor, a third operational amplifier, an analog-digital converter, a microprocessor and a communication interface. According to the transformer, the sensing error of a gapped core-type Rogowski coil is compensated with a magnetic potentiometer, so that a voltage analog quantity and a digital quantity which are in linear proportional relations with primary current containing harmonic waves can be output. Through adoption of the gapped core-type Rogowski coil transformer, the problems of small output signal and low accuracy in a hollow Rogowski coil are solved; the problem of non-linear errors generated by a core in the gapped core-type Rogowski coil transformer is solved; and accurate sensing of primary current fundamental waves and harmonic components is realized.