The invention discloses an efficient machining method for a thin-wall aluminum oxide ceramic structural part and a negative pressure clamp. The method comprises the steps that, the thin-wall aluminum oxide ceramic structural part is positioned, the bottom of the thin-wall aluminum oxide ceramic structural part is adsorbed to the negative-pressure clamp, and the side face or the outer arc-shaped face of the structural part is ground through a diamond grinding head; the thin-wall aluminum oxide ceramic structural part is positioned, the bottom of the thin-wall aluminum oxide ceramic structural part is adsorbed to the negative-pressure clamp, and a groove in the middle of the structural part is ground through a diamond grinding head; and the thin-wall aluminum oxide ceramic structural part is positioned, the bottom of the thin-wall aluminum oxide ceramic structural part is adsorbed to the negative-pressure clamp, and the small-diameter diamond grinding head continues to be used for grinding a through hole in the bottom of the groove in the middle. According to the characteristics of hardness, brittleness, wear resistance and thin-wall structure of an aluminum oxide ceramic material, a thin-wall structural part is positioned and clamped through the negative pressure clamp, then the outer edge and the middle groove are ground at a high speed under the high-strength condition, and finally the thin-wall through hole is ground at a relatively low-speed condition, so that the clamping efficiency and the machining efficiency are high, and moreover, the loss rate is low, the precision is high, and better machining quality can be obtained.