The invention relates to the technical field of coal mine anchor rod supporting, and discloses a novel coal mine high-strength anchor rod supporting device. An anchor rod supporting mechanism comprises an outer anchorage rod, an inner anchorage sleeve and an outer blocking fixing assembly, the inner anchorage sleeve can be well connected with the inner wall of a drill hole through a reinforcing structure extending in the radial direction, the inner anchorage sleeve is of a circumferential expansion structure, can easily stretch into the drill hole and can carry out special grouting through a grouting device, integrated performance of the inner anchorage sleeve and the inner wall of an anchorage hole can be ensured, the reinforcing structure can stretch into the rock layer of the anchoragehole, the segmented grouting anchorage manner enables anchorage slurry to be more fully filled, the anchorage reliability can be improved, the combination force with the wall of the anchorage drill hole can be improved, anchorage effect is ensured, in addition, for the fragile portion at the connecting position of the inner anchorage sleeve and the outer anchorage rod, through the manner of arranging multiple radial fins, the connecting property of the connecting position can be effectively improved, and the supporting capacity is ensured.