The invention discloses a workpiece polishing automatic identification and detection system. The workpiece polishing automatic identification and detection system comprises a terminal control console,an operating arm, a polishing device, an identification device, a detection device and a conveying table. The identification device, the polishing device and the detection device are sequentially arranged, the identification device is electrically connected with the input end of the terminal control console so as to transmit a signal to the terminal control console, the operating arm and the polishing device are electrically connected with the output end of the terminal control console, the terminal control console transmits the signal to the operating arm and the polishing device, and the identification device is used for identifying different workpieces on the conveying table; and the signal is sent to the polishing device through the terminal control console, an unused polishing procedure is transferred by the polishing device according to the signal, meanwhile the terminal control console sends a signal to the operating arm, the operating arm moves a workpiece to a workpiece clamping device, an inductor is arranged on the workpiece clamping device, the workpiece clamping device conducts releasing and clamping actions on the workpiece under the command of the inductor, and thedetection device comprises a laser range finder.