Provided is a panorama image splicing method based on edge vertical distance matching. The method comprises the following steps: (1), extracting the edges of two images by use of a CANNY algorithm; (2), screening a matched pixel column; (3), performing matching according to variances of edge pixel ordinates; (4), performing grouping according to variance values and reflected image relative positions; (5), performing the edge vertical distance matching on each group, and determining that a smallest group distanced from statistical values is an image splicing position; and (6), performing image stitching processing. According to the invention, through matching the edge vertical distances of two neighboring images, automatic splicing of a panorama image is realized. A matching position is screened in advance so that computing amount is reduced, computing time is saved, and computing precision is improved. A vertical distance coupling algorithm can help to find out an optimal seam, i.e., the seam position is disposed at a position with smaller information content in an image, and an information key position is avoided as likely as possible; and an original image is completely reserved in most area of a splicing image so that information of the original image can be reserved to the maximum.