The invention discloses a glass bottle defect detection apparatus and an image splitting device. The glass bottle defect detection apparatus comprises a plane light source, a polarizer, a diaphragm, the image splitting device, a lens and a camera, wherein the polarizer is arranged in front of the plane light source, the diaphragm is arranged in front of the polarizer, a to-be-detected glass bottle is located between the polarizer and the diaphragm, the image splitting device, the lens and the camera are coaxially arranged in front of the diaphragm and are increasingly far away from the diaphragm, the image splitting device comprises a Fresnel biprism, two obliquely intersecting incident planes of the Fresnel biprism face the diaphragm and are arranged to be corresponding to to-be-detected positions, an intersecting prism ridge of the two incident planes is perpendicular to a horizontal plane, a left or right half part of an emergent plane of the Fresnel biprism is plated with a polarizing film, and the polarization direction of the polarizing film is perpendicular to the polarization direction of the polarizer. According to the invention, the detection apparatus can realize detection of conventional and uneven stress defects of a glass bottle only by using one camera, is capable of measuring boundary dimension of the glass bottle and has the advantages of low detection cost, a small occupation space, high accuracy and a low false drop rate.