301 results about "Direct solar radiation" patented technology

This invention describes a non-imaging, non-tracking, integrally-formed solar radiation concentrator that passively concentrates both diffuse and direct solar radiation onto photovoltaic cells to produce electricity, incorporating its features into a shingle-like element useful as a roofing material and in other structural applications. The substantially transparent, solar concentrating elements of the invention may also incorporate a system to remove waste energy in the form of heat that is not utilized in the generation of electricity. The invention further provides a thermal energy recovery system including a forced convection air system for removing waste heat from the concentrating shingle assembly and using it, if desired, for building space heat or domestic water heating.

Mechanical sun trackers which have optical systems on their surface for concentrating direct solar radiation and its subsequent conversion into electricity through thermal or photovoltaic processes require precision solar tracking, which has to be all the more precise the greater the concentration factor used. Thus the precision required in these systems is generally less than a degree, and frequently of the order of a tenth of a degree. In view of the large dimensions of the surfaces, or apertures, of these trackers, currently in the approximate range of 20-250 m2, the difficulty of aligning these with the sun with such accuracy will be obvious. To achieve this objective a solar tracker must comply with strict rigidity specifications and its transmission must provide high resolution when positioning. In addition to this, equipment which is capable of controlling solar tracking with the specified precision at all times is required.

An apparatus and method for collecting solar energy are provided. The apparatus is a trough-type solar collector having one or more mirrors and lenses for directing solar radiation toward a receiver configured to receive a heat transfer fluid therein. The amount of solar radiation directed toward the receiver can be controlled by adjusting one or more of the mirrors and / or lenses or by adjusting a shade. Thus, the collector can direct different amounts or solar radiation toward the receiver, thereby selectively heating the receiver at different rates, e.g., to preheat the receiver, to heat fluid in the receiver for power generation, or to thaw solidified fluid in the receiver. Subsequently, the heated fluid can be used to generate steam and / or electricity.

An apparatus and method for collecting solar energy are provided. The apparatus is a trough-type solar collector having one or more mirrors and lenses for directing solar radiation toward a receiver configured to receive a heat transfer fluid therein. The amount of solar radiation directed toward the receiver can be controlled by adjusting one or more of the mirrors and / or lenses or by adjusting a shade. Thus, the collector can direct different amounts or solar radiation toward the receiver, thereby selectively heating the receiver at different rates, e.g., to preheat the receiver, to heat fluid in the receiver for power generation, or to thaw solidified fluid in the receiver. Subsequently, the heated fluid can be used to generate steam and / or electricity.

The invention discloses an intermediate infrared two-channel remote sensing data surface temperature inversion method and device. The intermediate infrared two-channel remote sensing data surface temperature inversion method includes the steps that (A) MODIS remote sensing image data are processed in advance, (B) atmosphere moisture content inversion is carried out on the data to obtain the atmosphere moisture content, (C) by utilizing the product of the atmosphere moisture content in the step (B), surface direct solar radiation inversion and atmospheric transmissivity inversion in the observing direction of from surface to a sensor are carried out on the image data to obtain surface reflection direct solar radiation, and (D) by utilizing the product of MODIS surface transmissivity, the MODIS surface transmissivity is inverted to obtain surface emissivity. By means of the intermediate infrared two-channel remote sensing data surface temperature inversion method and device, the utilization rate of the data is effectively improved, and the problem of surface temperature inaccurate inversion caused by atmosphere downward radiation estimation errors is solved.

A solar energy collecting system and method suitable for hot water generation using solar energy. The system includes multiport tubes between inlet and outlet manifolds. The tubes are formed of a metallic material, each tube has oppositely-disposed first and second flat surfaces between lateral edges thereof, longitudinally-opposed first and second ends, and multiple fluid channels between the first and second ends that are in fluidic parallel to each other. The inlet and outlet manifolds are coupled to the first and second ends of the tubes so that chambers within the inlet and outlet manifolds are fluidically connected to the fluid channels of the multiport tubes. During operation of the system, a fluid flowing through the fluid channels of the tubes is heated by direct solar radiation impinging the first flat surfaces of the tubes and optionally by reflected solar radiation impinging the second flat surfaces of the tubes.

The invention discloses a rapid estimation method for solar energy in a construction size. The method includes the steps that by the comprehensive utilization of LiDAR data and high-resolution remote sensing image data, and three-dimension digital surface modeling is performed on objects such as urban constructions and trees; through simulation analysis of the attenuation effect, on direct solar radiation to the ground, of the atmosphere and the sheltering influence, on direct solar radiation energy obtained by construction surfaces including roofs and wall faces, by the urban objects, the solar energy obtained by the roofs and the wall faces of the urban constructions and dynamic estimated values are obtained. The rapid estimation method is suitable for specific application of using solar energy resources in the construction size in an urban region, wherein the specific application includes optimal configuration of energy resources, installation of solar photovoltaic equipment, design of green and environment-friendly constructions and the like.

The invention provides a preparation method of a super-hydrophobic functional material. The method comprises the steps: firstly, preparing a PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) thin film; secondly, dropping a dispersing agent with solid particles on the surface of the PDMS and uniformly dispersing the dispersing agent to form a laminar structure; and finally, processing the laminar structure by ultraviolet irradiation or heating to form the material with super-hydrophobic functions. The contact angle of the material can be up to more than 150 degrees after optimization, and meanwhile, the material has a very small rolling angle, so that the requirement of the super-hydrophobic material is satisfied; water drops on the material are difficult to attach and easy to fall off, so that the material still keeps dry and realizes the self-cleaning function. Particles are located on the outermost layer, so that the decomposition of the PDMS resulting from direct solar radiation is avoided and the other functions such as photocatalysis, sterilization and electric conduction except for the hydrophobicity can be realized by using particles. The preparation method is simple and is capable of satisfying the requirements of the large-scale and high-efficiency production.

The invention relates to the field of air conditioning equipment and discloses an automobile air-conditioning control method based on online correction. The method comprises the following steps: according to the longitude and latitude of a vehicle, a server obtains any one or several of the weather information, the current road condition information, road type information and elevation information around the vehicle; according to any one or several of the road type information, the positions and number of solar sensors, the advancing direction and the angular separation of direct solar radiation, the server determines or corrects an illumination value; according to one or several of the outside air quality, the number of the sensors, the road condition information and outside temperature, the server determines or corrects an air quality index; the server sends the obtained or processed date to an automobile air-conditioning processor, and the automobile air-conditioning processor controls an air conditioner according to the parameters. By adopting technology, the method can improve the comfort of the vehicle and reduce the cost.

The invention discloses an adjustable seedling raising frame for vegetable planting. The adjustable seedling raising frame comprises a bottom frame, seedling raising frames, support guiding rods, a top plate, adjusting devices, fill lights, a first seedling raising board, a second seedling raising board, a two-way screw, movable blocks, a hard water pipe, a motor, a first gear, a second gear, rotating rollers and curtains. Each adjusting device comprises a scissor mechanism, a movable pin, a first chute, a sleeve and an adjusting screw. The rotating rollers and curtains are provided; the rotating rollers can be used to lay down the curtains. On the one hand, the curtains can avoid the sun burn of seedlings due to direct solar radiation; and on the other hand, the curtains can maintain thehumidity in a seedbed and play the effect of heat preservation. The motor, the first gear, the second gear and the hard water pipe can fully and evenly water the seedlings; the adjustment device can adjust space between adjacent seedling raising frames to adapt to the growing seedlings and to ensure that the seedlings get enough light and growth space.

The invention relates to a tracking method aiming at single axis solar energy and provides a solar energy tracking method with umbra versa tracking. The solar energy tracking method with the umbra versa tracking accurately calculates positions of the Sun based on modern astronomical algorithms, calculates shadow length of solar panel assemblies and adjusts angles of the solar panel assemblies according to the width of the assemblies and distance between the front and back rows of the solar panel assemblies. Therefore, at any time no shadow can be generated along the east-and-west directions of the front and back rows of the solar panel assemblies, the effects that the sun light is perpendicular to the solar panel assemblies and the light intensity is maximized are achieved, and the photovoltaic conversion rate is increased. The solar energy tracking method with the umbra versa tracking is small in energy consumption, applicable to various latitudes, free from the restraint of the geographical location, capable of being directed at the Sun to the maximum extent and receiving direct solar radiation and capable of effectively avoiding that the east and west assemblies are shaded by the shadow. The technical problems existing in the prior art that the solar panel assemblies shade each other and form the shadows, the sun light receiving is affected, and thereby the photovoltaic conversion rate is affected are solved.

An automated control method for a solar protection screen (SCR) installation (INST) comprising retroreflecting-type slats (B1, B2, B3) which can be inclined between two extreme inclinations, wherein, in the presence of direct solar radiation, the slats are inclined at a first intermediate inclination, equal to the maximum aperture inclination (AMAX) of the screen relative to a preferred direction, as long as an inclination threshold automatically controlled in relation to the height of the sun (ATH) remains less than the maximum aperture inclination.

The invention relates to a method for analyzing intercept ability of a canopy on photosynthetic active radiation based on a virtual plant. The method comprises the following steps of: building a fine three-dimensional model of a plant in a natural growth form, shaping and trimming the plant, forming fine three-dimensional models of the plant in different crown types; obtaining crown radiation intensity by adopting an astronomical parameter calculation method; respectively simulating direct solar radiation PAR (peer assessment rating) space distribution of the canopy and sky radiation PAR space distribution by adopting a ray tracing algorithm and a turtle shell algorithm; calculating a PAR value of each leaf, obtaining PAR space distribution of the canopy and mean PAR values at different moments; calculating net photosynthetic rates of different canopies by combining a photosynthesis model; repeatedly shaping and trimming, and analyzing the intercept ability of the canopy on the PAR from mean PAR value, PAR space distribution and mean net photosynthetic rate of the canopy at day scale. The method benefits to quantitative analysis on scientific rationality of plant crown types so as to achieve the purpose of scientifically and rationally shaping and trimming the plant or designing the plant.

An array of solar collectors includes dual axis reflectors for directing solar radiation to receivers at focal points of the reflectors. Solar radiation is used to heat a thermal energy storage material, which may be used to generate steam for use in power generation with the aid of a turbine. The dual axis reflectors may pivot about independent axes of rotation, thereby enabling use of the reflectors throughout the year.

The invention discloses a trough-type paraboloid solar concentrator which is characterized in that: a heat absorbing tube (1) passes through a transmission tube (4); a bearing (3) in the transmission tube is connected with the heat absorbing tube (1) and the transmission tube (4); when the transmission tube (4) is rotated, the heat absorbing tube (1) is fixed; a paraboloid reflector is rotated around a geometric center of the heat absorbing tube and follows the direct solar radiation; the heat absorbing tube (1) is sheathed in the an inner ring of the bearing (3) in the transmission tube and an outer ring of the bearing (3) in the transmission tube is connected with the transmission tube (4); the bearing base (6) and the transmission tube (4) are connected with each other by an outer bearing (5) of the transmission tube; the transmission tube (4) is sheathed in an inner ring of the of the outer bearing (5) of the transmission tube; an outer ring of the outer bearing (5) of the transmission tube is connected with the bearing base (6) which is fixed a column (13); the column (13) supports the concentrators at both sides by the transmission tube (4). With low maintenance cost and excellent safety performance, the trough-type paraboloid solar concentrator is suitable for the long-term delivery of high temperature and high pressure working substances.

The invention brings forward a sun direct radiation value prediction method and system, and belongs to the technical field of prediction. The method comprises: A, predicting meteorology information by use of an intermediate scale prediction model, and generating intermediate scale prediction data; B, classifying the intermediate scale prediction data into prediction data using a sunny model and prediction data using a cloudy model; C, for the prediction data applying the sunny model, directly utilizing the theoretical calculation value of the sunny model, and performing mid-term prediction on a sun direct radiation value; and D, for the prediction data applying the cloudy model, performing model conversion on a sun total radiation value, and outputting a sun direct radiation value.

The invention relates to a method for realizing rugged topography remote sensing scene simulation, comprising: (1) inputting time, geographic coordinates, atmospheric condition and the like of the simulated scene into atmospheric transmissivity model Modtran with medium spectral resolution, and acquiring the irradiancy of direct solar radiation and atmospheric scattering on the level ground as well as atmospheric uplink transmittance and atmospheric path radiance; (2) inputting solar zenith angle, azimuth angle and digital elevation model, and calculating gradient, slope direction, solar incident angle, visible factors in the sky, topography visible factors and shadow regions; (3) according to the irradiancy of direct solar radiation and atmospheric scattering on the level ground and the data of ground surface reflectivity, calculating the irradiancy of direct solar radiation and atmospheric scattering on the rugged ground by utilizing the gradient, and calculating the solar incident angle, the visible factors in the sky, the topography visible factors and the shadow regions, the irradiancy of surrounding indirect radiation, thus forming total irradiancy received by ground surface by the irradiancy of direct solar radiation and atmospheric scattering on the level ground, the data of ground surface reflectivity and the irradiancy of direct solar radiation and atmospheric scattering on the rugged ground; (4) generating radiance data of all points on the ground at the entrance pupil of a sensor by utilizing the data of ground surface reflectivity, the atmospheric uplink transmittance and the atmospheric path radiance.

The invention discloses an infrared reflection characteristic simulation method based on GPU (graphics processing unit) programming, and mainly solves overcomes the defects of low physical realism reality sense and poor instantaneity of reflection effect simulation in the traditional prior art. The realization process of the infrared reflection characteristic simulation method is as follows: obtaining a direct solar radiation texture D, a sky background radiation texture S, an atmosphere path radiation texture L and an atmosphere transmittance texture T in a file of which the suffix is DDS (direct draw surface); obtaining a material parameter M required for calculating BRDF (bidirectional reflectance distribution function); according to a simplified Schlick BRDF reflection model, calculating the a reflection amount E1 on the direct solar radiation and the a reflection amount E2 on the sky background radiation by different pixels via the material parameter M; writing the DDS texture into a texture unit of a material script to generate the material script capable of generating simulation infrared reflection effect; finishing the analysis and the compiling of the material script by the GPU, and loading into a video memory; and operating the script programs to simulate the infrared reflection effect in real time. The infrared reflection characteristic simulation method based on the GPU programming has the advantages of strong simulation sense of reality and high instantaneity, and can be used for developing, testing and evaluating an infrared imaging system.

The invention discloses a self-maintaining photovoltaic external sunshade device with the adjustable length and angle and a regulation and control method. A sunshade photovoltaic power generation panel is mounted on a traditional external sunshade device, and multidirectional automatic regulation can be conducted according to the solar altitude and the azimuth angle, so it is guaranteed that the sunshade effect is optimal; meanwhile, energy for adjusting the sunshade photovoltaic power generation panel comes from photovoltaic power generation of the sunshade photovoltaic power generation panel. The adjustable external sunshade photovoltaic power generation panel is composed of three stretchable sunshade photovoltaic power generation panel sections, and the stretchable length of the sunshade photovoltaic power generation panel can be adjusted according to the solar radiation intensity and the sunshade requirements of residents; meanwhile, the sunshade photovoltaic power generation panel can be adjusted vertically or horizontally according to the direct solar radiation azimuth angle and the requirements for indoor sunshade effects. The optimal sunshade effect can be achieved through reasonable adjustment of the length, the horizontal angle and the vertical angle of the external sunshade photovoltaic power generation panel, and the sunshade photovoltaic power generation panel can absorb more solar heat.

The invention discloses a full-automatic visible short infrared subdivided spectral irradiance meter comprising an integrating sphere, a monochromator, and an analog signal processing circuit, wherein an arc light blocking strip driven by a stepping motor can be blocked above an incidence light port so as to shade the direct solar radiation; concentrated beam type optical fiber is introduced in an emergent light port of the integrating sphere; and an output signal of an array detector of the monochromator is conducted in a signal process circuit through a signal wire. The invention adopts the astronomy theory and the related algorithm of higher mathematics to obtain angle of each rotation so as to shade the signal of the direct solar radiation, thereby measuring the angle of diffuse sky radiation illumination. Three spectral detection units of the invention realize the modularization, can be combined according to the different chooses of a user so as to meet the requirement of the different users on the detection wave band range and has strong adaptability.

The invention relates to the field of street lamp illumination, in particular to a novel solar street lamp high in power generating efficiency. The street lamp is large in power consumption, solar street lamps are already gradually adopted to replace traditional mains supply street lamps for illumination in various regions under the situation that national energy-saving and emission-reducing policies are constantly strengthened and are welcomed in the illumination market with the green, environmentally friendly, power-consumption-free advantages and the like of the lamps, but the popularization of the solar street lamps in the illumination market is limited due to the defects such as low photovoltaic power generation efficiency and non-effective illumination in rainy days. Under the situation of the same photovoltaic installation capacity, if the photovoltaic power generation efficiency can be improved, the situation that the solar street lamps cannot perform illumination in rainy days can be greatly improved. The invention provides a technology for adjusting the dig angle of a street lamp solar panel. The photovoltaic panel can always face the sun and receive more solar direct radiant quantity. Compared with solar street lamps identical in installation capacity and changeless in dip angle, the photovoltaic power generation amount can be improved by about 40%.

An apparatus for converting solar energy to electrical energy and continue to generate electricity even when the solar radiation is not available by directing solar radiation to heating plates, which were mostly immersed in a steam generator to induce water temperature, and process water into steam which interacts with steam turbine and generator assembly to produce electricity. The remnant of the steam after steam to electricity conversion is captured by an elevated condensation collector, which is tilted with the lower side attached to a reservoir, the condensed steam descends into the reservoir, which is also elevated and attached by a water collecting system that collects rain and water from other sources. Water from the reservoir is released from the water chute at the base of the reservoir to the original elevation where it powers a water turbine and power, after electrical energy is extracted by generator assembly, the remaining water is recycled back into the steam generator for continuous solar energy conversion. A combustion chamber attached beneath the steam generator can be initiated using biomass or natural gas to ensure superheated steam production in the event that the solar radiation is unavailable or insufficient.

The invention provides a prediction method and a system for protecting a town heat island characteristics which are based on the digital image analysis, and relates to the field of environmental engineering. A town digital elevation model DEM is established according to a town planning map; a flow region network model is established by taking the flow region of buildings as a 'node' and taking the flow opening as a 'branch'; the mass conservation equation, the loop pressure equation, the flow relation equation and the heat balance equation are established according to the flow region network model; the air mass flux, the pressure difference and the air temperature between the town buildings are calculated, and the flow region in which each pixel is positioned is identified; the direct solar radiation, the diffuse solar radiation, the long-wave radiation and the reflected radiation energy distribution of an analysis surface are calculated; the specific heat, the density and the thermal coefficient of each pixel in an underlying surface image are obtained; therefore the temperatures of the underlying surface and each wall surface are calculated, and the town heat island characteristics are predicted. The invention uses the digital image processing technology, and thus the problem of dynamic boundary in a town outdoor heat environment is successfully solved; the purpose of optimizing the town heat environment is realized.

A solar radiation detector comprises a shading element that casts a shadow over one of a number of sensors disposed about the shading element. The shading element and the sensors are spaced in relation to each other that the shadow cast by the shading element always falls on one of the sensors, completely shading that one sensor, while at the same time leaves at least another one of the sensor completely exposed to direct solar radiation. The completely shaded sensor measures substantially only diffuse solar radiation.

Chemical reactors with annularly positioned delivery and removal devices, and associated systems and methods. A reactor in accordance with a particular embodiment includes a reactor vessel having a light-transmissible surface proximate to a reaction zone, and a movable reactant delivery system positioned within the reactor vessel. The reactor can further include a product removal system positioned within the reactor vessel and positioned annularly inwardly or outwardly from the delivery system. A solar concentrator is positioned to direct solar radiation through the light-transmissible surface to the reaction zone.

The invention discloses an energy-saving and environmentally-friendly street lamp. The energy-saving and environmentally-friendly street lamp comprises a lamp pole, a solar cell panel, a photosensitive sensor, an electric push rod, storage batteries, lamp posts, second electric push rods, bulbs, third electric push rods, an electrostatic dust collector and an air filter. The electrostatic dust collector comprises a discharge electrode, a dust collection electrode, a first draught fan and a dust collection box. The air filtering device comprises a supporting plate, installation slots, an initial-effect filtering mesh, an activated carbon plate and an HEPA filtering mesh. The energy-saving and environmentally-friendly street lamp is provided with the solar cell panel, the storage batteries,the photosensitive sensor and the electric push rod, the inclined angle of the solar cell panel can be adjusted so that the solar cell panel can always face the direction of direct solar radiation, and the utilization rate of solar energy is increased; the second electric push rods and third electric push rods are arranged, the angle and height of the bulbs can be adjusted through the cooperationof the second electric push rods and the third electric push rods, and convenience is provided for maintenance of the maintenance staff; and the electrostatic dust collector is arranged, dust collection and air purification can be realized, and the environment is protected.

A solar energy collecting system and method suitable for hot water generation using solar energy. The system includes multiport tubes between inlet and outlet manifolds. The tubes are formed of a metallic material, each tube has oppositely-disposed first and second flat surfaces between lateral edges thereof, longitudinally-opposed first and second ends, and multiple fluid channels between the first and second ends that are in fluidic parallel to each other. The inlet and outlet manifolds are coupled to the first and second ends of the tubes so that chambers within the inlet and outlet manifolds are fluidically connected to the fluid channels of the multiport tubes. During operation of the system, a fluid flowing through the fluid channels of the tubes is heated by direct solar radiation impinging the first flat surfaces of the tubes and optionally by reflected solar radiation impinging the second flat surfaces of the tubes.

The invention discloses a solar air heat absorber measurement and control system and a performance and temperature prediction and protection method. The system comprises a frequency modulation motor, a thermocouple, a pressure sensor, a direct solar radiation and wind speed meter, an air temperature sensor, an analog input module, an analog output module, a remote interface module, a remote communication interface module, an industrial personal computer and a warner. The efficiency is obtained by measuring the input radiation and effective absorption of the sun and dividing the effective absorbed heat by the total input radiation energy; the pressure sensor is used to measure resistance; volumetric heat transfer coefficient is obtained by measuring the solid matrix temperature of the front and back surfaces of the heat absorber and the air temperatures before or after air passes through the heat absorber and performing iterative computation through the computational heat transfer method. The heat absorber is protected by setting limit values of the surface temperature and temperature gradient of the heat absorber and the temperature gradient in the air stream direction.

The invention relates to a virtual plant canopy photosynthesis effective radiation distribution simulating method of a multi-layer data structure. The method includes the following steps of establishing a virtual plant model and a virtual plane scene high in fidelity and complexity, collecting plant canopy photosynthesis effective radiation intensity values through a related astronomical parameter method or a field measurement method, sequentially establishing the three-layer data structure with a virtual plane scene single-tree geometrical model, a scene and a terrain through a data structure starting method, establishing a direct solar radiation and sky scattering PAR ray vector plane, sequentially tracing all ray vectors on the ray plane through a Monte Carlo ray tracing algorithm and a turtle shell algorithm, traversing the three-layer data structure with the scene, the single tree and the terrain, judging whether rays intersect with triangular patches or not, counting the sky visible rates of all the triangular patches, and calculating direct solar radiation PAR and sky scattering PAR of all the triangular patches to obtain a virtual plane canopy PAR three-dimensional space distribution simulating result.