92 results about "Ichneumonidae" patented technology

The utility model relates to the technical field of biological treatment, and discloses a parasitic wasp killing device which comprises a semicircular protective cover with a downward opening and a bee-keeping cylinder arranged at the top of the protective cover, the top end of the bee-keeping cylinder is blocked through a feeder, a flap valve is arranged at the bottom end of the bee-keeping cylinder and used for controlling communication between the interior of the bee-keeping cylinder and the interior of the protective cover, and the protective cover is arranged on the top of the bee-keeping cylinder. A control device used for controlling the flap valve and a power source connected with the control device are further arranged on the top of the protective cover. According to the parasitic wasp eradication device, parasitic wasps are bred through the wasp-keeping cylinder, after the ant nest is covered with the protective cover, the parasitic wasps are released to parasitically eradicate ants, compared with a traditional trapping and killing agent, the parasitic wasp eradication device does not pollute the environment, and due to the fact that a natural biological prevention and control mode is utilized, damage of chemical agents to an ecological system is avoided. The parasitic wasps have the characteristics of self-reproduction and reutilization, and once the parasitic wasps complete the ant killing task, the parasitic wasps can be recycled into the bee-keeping cylinder, so that the sustainable utilization of the equipment is realized.

A low-temperature storage method for dominant parasitic wasps in a mulberry field comprises the following steps: by using female polyneomyzigus marmoreus as parasitic female wasps, enabling the female wasps to parasitize greater wax moths to obtain offspring wasps for low-temperature storage; selecting pupae and adults of the offspring bees at different growth and development stages for low-temperature storage; placing the bee pupae and the adults fed with the honey in a low-temperature environment of 4 DEG C, and performing low-temperature storage; after the low-temperature storage is finished, the bee pupae and the adults are taken out and subjected to transition treatment in a transition temperature environment; and feeding the treated bee pupae and adults for later use. The low-temperature storage method is easy and convenient to operate and low in cost, effective low-temperature storage of the parasitic wasps is achieved, the shelf life of the parasitic wasps is prolonged, and a good foundation is laid for field large-scale release.

The invention belongs to the field of fall webworm control, and provides a fall webworm control dual-trapping and parasitic wasp releasing multifunctional device which comprises a funnel, a groove is formed in the side wall of the funnel and concaves inwards, a plurality of evenly-distributed leakage holes are formed in the side wall of the groove, and a mounting plate is fixedly mounted on the peripheral side face of the funnel. A collecting barrel is movably mounted on the lower side of the mounting plate, the funnel is communicated with the interior of the collecting barrel, and a small bee cocoon placer is movably mounted on the lower side of the collecting barrel; the device is upgraded on the basis of an original fall webworm square trap, a novel Chouioia cunea cocoon placing device is specifically transformed on the lower half part, external wind and rain invasion is blocked, damage to Chouioia cunea cocoons is relieved, the bee output rate of Chouioia cunea is increased, operation is simpler and more convenient, and the device is suitable for popularization and application. According to the upper half part, a square-barrel-shaped trap is modified, a solar LED lamp and sex pheromone are combined for trapping, cost is reduced, and larvae, pupae and adults of the white moths can be prevented and controlled in all stages.

The invention discloses an application of a volatile substance in prevention and control of agricultural insect chilo suppressalis, and provides an application of (E)-2-hexenal (trans-2-hexenal) in prevention and control of chilo suppressalis for the first time, so that chilo suppressalis adults can be effectively repelled, the egg laying amount of chilo suppressalis female insects can be inhibited, and the prevention and control of chilo suppressalis can be realized. The natural enemy insects attracting the chilo suppressalis comprise egg parasitic wasp trichogramma japonicum and larva parasitic wasp cotesia chilo suppressalis. The (E)-2-hexenal can reduce the egg quantity of chilo suppressalis in the field, reduce the occurrence cardinal number of the chilo suppressalis, play a prevention and control role and reduce loss before pests cause harm, and meanwhile, the (E)-2-hexenal can attract natural enemy insects of the chilo suppressalis, so that natural enemies in the natural environment can be fully utilized and protected, and the economic benefit of the chilo suppressalis is improved. The improvement of the chilo suppressalis prevention and control effect and the green prevention and control are realized. (E)-2-hexenal is a component in rice volatile matters, and compared with chemical pesticides, (E)-2-hexenal is more beneficial to the ecological environment.

The invention provides a method for improving the breeding efficiency of braconus splendens, and belongs to the technical field of insect breeding. According to the method, female bees which are 5-day-old, 6-day-old and 7-day-old and have no egg laying experience after eclosion are used for parasitizing third-year-old Asiatic corn borer larvae. And the parasitism rate, the eclosion offspring number and the female bee number of the braconus splendens are obviously improved. The method is carried out in a small space range, so that the encountering probability of the braconus splendens and the hosts is increased, the time of searching for the hosts by the braconus splendens is shortened, and the parasitic rate of parasitic wasps is increased. The method disclosed by the invention has important significance in efficiently breeding the cotesia macrorrhiza by using the Asiatic corn borer larvae indoors and guiding the field to release the cotesia macrorrhiza.

The device comprises a host containing cage and a parasitic wasp feeding cage, six faces of the host containing cage are nylon nets with a certain mesh number, the nylon net face of the top face of the host containing cage is provided with a zipper, and hosts can be led in and led out from the zipper; six surfaces of the parasitic wasp rearing cage are nylon nets with a certain mesh number, and the nylon net surface on the front surface is provided with a zipper; the internal positions of four top corners of the top surface of the parasitic wasp rearing cage are respectively provided with a rope hook with a certain length, and the rope hooks can be respectively hung at the external positions of the four top corners of the top surface of the parasitic wasp rearing cage, so that the host containing cage is horizontally suspended and hung in the parasitic wasp rearing cage; a certain distance is formed between the nylon net on the top surface of the host containing cage and the nylon net on the top surface of the parasitic wasp feeding cage. According to the device and the method, the parasitic process of the larva parasitic wasps can be simplified, the amount of labor used for parasitic operation is reduced, the propagation efficiency of the larva parasitic wasps is greatly improved, and the propagation cost of the larva parasitic wasps is reduced.

The utility model relates to a natural enemy insect carrier plant system device, which belongs to the technical field of crop pest control and is characterized in that a rain cover is mounted at the top of a tray box through a plurality of adjusting rods, a lifting ring is mounted at the top of the rain cover, a seedling raising plate is mounted in the tray box, the seedling raising plate is of a conical structure, and the lifting ring is mounted at the bottom of the tray box. A plurality of seedling raising holes are formed in the top of the seedling raising plate, the seedling raising holes extend to the bottom of the seedling raising plate and are communicated with the tray box, and a water absorption sponge is further arranged in the tray box and located at the bottom of the seedling raising plate. The parasitic wasps are attracted, and meanwhile, the population is expanded, so that the pest control sustainability and efficiency of the parasitic wasps are improved.

The invention discloses an RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) interference method for parasitic wasps in lepidoptera larvae, which is characterized in that RNA interference is carried out by using a microinjection method or a nano-material immersion method when the parasitic wasps in the lepidoptera larvae are not separated from hosts or are separated from the hosts to cocoon, so that an RNAi system of the parasitic wasps is successfully constructed, and the defects that the parasitic wasps are small in size in an egg stage, and the parasitic wasps are not damaged in the egg stage can be effectively overcome. And RNAi operation difficulty caused by cocoon wrapping in the pupal stage and short life in the adult stage is avoided. Moreover, the method disclosed by the invention is simple to operate and high in interference efficiency, provides a theoretical basis and a reference effect for further researching gene functions of the parasitic wasps, and has important significance on biological control.

The invention discloses a method for breeding Chouioia cunea Yang through spodoptera frugiperda pupae and application of the method in prevention and control of spodoptera frugiperda, and belongs to the field of biological prevention and control of agricultural pests. Aiming at the parasitic process of Chouioia cunea Yang on spodoptera frugiperda pupae, the suitable age of hosts, the processing mode of host pupae, the physiological status of parasitic wasps, the ratio of inoculated wasps to pupae and environmental conditions are determined, and a set of breeding method suitable for indoor large-scale breeding is constructed. The stability of the method in the multi-generation breeding process is verified through continuous generation breeding. Compared with the traditional host hyphantria cunea, the method has the advantages that the development duration of breeding Chouioia cunea by taking spodoptera frugiperda pupae as the host is obviously shortened, and the breeding efficiency is improved on the premise of ensuring high parasitic rate and offspring yield. When the Chouioia cunea Yang bred by the method is released in the field, the grassland spodoptera exigua can be efficiently prevented and controlled, the dosage of chemical pesticides is reduced, and the method has good ecological benefits and application prospects.

The invention relates to a device for improving the breeding and collecting efficiency of pupa parasitic wasps and a using method, and relates to the technical field of insect breeding. Comprising a parasitic wasp rearing cage and a host containing cage. The host containing cage is arranged on the bottom wall in the parasitic wasp rearing cage, a feeding bin is installed on the top wall in the parasitic wasp rearing cage, a porous drowning prevention interlayer is arranged at the bottom of the feeding bin, holes are formed in the side wall of the parasitic wasp rearing cage, and nylon cylinder gauze is installed at the holes. The parasitic wasp breeding safety, convenience and collection efficiency can be effectively improved, and wasp body loss in the breeding process is reduced.

The present invention relates to a device for measuring the effect of pesticides on the host positioning ability of whitefly pest parasitic wasps and a method of use. The device includes an activated carbon washing chamber, a gas flow meter, a liquid washing bottle, a measuring tube and a vacuum pump; the bottom right side of the measuring tube body is provided with an access port for the parasitic wasp to be tested, and the left side is provided with an access port for volatiles related to the host positioning of the parasitic wasp. The number of measuring tubes is set to 4, and 4 parasitic wasps can be observed at the same time; the measuring tubes are placed on a tube rack, and isolation baffles are provided between the measuring tubes to effectively avoid learning behavior between parasitic wasps. The present invention uses a longer glass tube as the main measuring equipment. Generally, the device for measuring the olfactory response of insects mainly measures the selectivity of insects to different substances, while the present invention focuses on measuring the changes in the host positioning time of parasitic wasps under the influence of pesticides.

This invention belongs to the field of agricultural and forestry biotechnology, and relates to a method utilizing... 60 A method to increase the oviposition rate of beet armyworm by Co-γ irradiation was used. Beet armyworm pupae within 12 hours of pupal instar were collected and subjected to effective accumulated temperature treatment. Then, for male beet armyworm pupae, [further methods were employed]. 60 Co-source irradiation treatment; irradiated male beet armyworm pupae and unirradiated female pupae were placed in an incubator to cultivate and emerge as adults. The adults were then transferred to adult rearing cages and supplemented with honey water for nutrition. This invention, through effective accumulated temperature treatment, selects a large number of uniformly developed male beet armyworm pupae as irradiation targets. While ensuring emergence rate and adult lifespan, it significantly increases the egg production of beet armyworms and the yield of test insects. The operation process is simple, safe, and reliable. It provides a large source of production insects for the convenient and rapid use of beet armyworms to produce the biological control agent nucleopolyhedrovirus, and for using the insect as a host to propagate natural enemy parasitic wasps.

The utility model discloses a device suitable for releasing fly pupa parasitic wasps, and relates to the technical field of biological control of livestock and poultry pests. Comprising a containing box, a chassis is arranged on the bottom face of the containing box, a conical column is arranged on the top face of the containing box, and a containing assembly is arranged between the conical column and the chassis and arranged in the containing box; the containing assembly comprises a supporting rod, a plurality of gauze bowls are fixedly connected to the supporting rod, and the two ends of the supporting rod are detachably connected with the conical column and the base plate respectively. The placing box comprises a first semicircular net and a second semicircular net which are oppositely arranged, the two ends of the first semicircular net are fixedly connected with the conical column and the base plate respectively, and the two ends of the second semicircular net are detachably connected with the conical column and the base plate respectively. By opening the second semicircular net, the supporting rods are convenient to mount, and parasitic wasps and fly pupae can be conveniently placed in the gauze bowls; meanwhile, the supporting rods are detached, so that the placing box and the gauze bowl are convenient to clean, and can be repeatedly used for multiple times.

The invention discloses an artificial feed for efficient propagation of low-age larva parasitic wasps of prodenia litura. The artificial feed is prepared from the following raw materials: agar powder, soybean meal, sweet potato vines with leaves, yeast powder, wheat germs, sodium benzoate, vitamin C, multivitamins, linseed oil, chlortetracycline hydrochloride soluble powder and the like. The artificial feed is used for feeding 2-5-year-old prodenia litura larvae parasitized by parasitic wasps, and the pupation rate and eclosion rate of the parasitic wasps can both exceed 93%.

The utility model discloses a parasitic wasp breeding device capable of continuously feeding a nutrient solution in the technical field of parasitic wasp breeding, the parasitic wasp breeding device comprises a breeding box and a feeding assembly, and the breeding box comprises a box body and a box cover; the feeding assembly comprises a containing box, the containing box is arranged in the box body, a vertical liquid pipe is arranged on the containing box, a plurality of feeding holes are formed in the liquid pipe, the feeding holes are communicated with the interior of the liquid pipe, and the top end of the liquid pipe penetrates through the box cover to be located outside the feeding box; a cotton ball is placed in the liquid pipe, the cotton ball and the feeding hole are located at the same height, the bottom of the cotton ball is connected with a cotton rope, and the cotton rope extends downwards into the containing box. According to the scheme, the nutrient solution can be continuously supplied to feed parasitic wasps.

The application discloses a method for artificially breeding Sirex gregarivora Cresson and applying the Sirex gregarivora Cresson to biological prevention and control of Anoplophora solenitica. The application determines optimal host size, bee connection ratio, breeding environment and other conditions when the Sirex gregarivora Cresson is artificially bred, can significantly improve parasitization rate of artificial bee breeding and reproduce a large number of parasitic bees in a short period. Meanwhile, conditions suitable for storing adult Sirex gregarivora Cresson are also determined, so that the shelf life of the adult Sirex gregarivora Cresson can be extended to 2 months. The Sirex gregarivora Cresson reproduced through the application is applied to biological prevention and control of Anoplophora solenitica larvae in the wild, and optimal prevention and control effect can be obtained according to equal ratio release of bees and worms, and low cost investment is also considered.

The invention discloses a parasitic wasp-friendly multifunctional trichoderma asperellum ZJ12 and application thereof, the preservation number of the strain is CCTCC (China Center For Type Culture Collection) NO: M2025805, and the strain has broad-spectrum and efficient antagonistic activity; various phytopathogens such as fusarium oxysporum, fusarium solani, fusarium pseudograminearum, verticillium dahliae, tea pestalotiopsis, phytophthora nicotianae, northern leaf spot helminthosporium bombycis and globulosporium melanocarpum are efficiently inhibited, and a good prevention and treatment effect is shown in a potting prevention effect experiment; the biocontrol microbial inoculum shows transboundary prevention and control potential to lepidoptera pests (plutella xylostella and cabbage caterpillars) and has good biological safety to natural enemy insect parasitic wasps (chrysalis pupae and lateral cotesia manilensis), and the problem that an existing biocontrol microbial inoculum is single in function is effectively solved.

The present application belongs to the technical field of artificial propagation of natural enemy insects and biological control of agricultural pests, and discloses a method for mixed feeding of two kinds of aphid parasitic wasps, which mainly has the following technical features: the steps include breeding of host plants, inoculation and propagation of aphids, obtaining and inoculation of two kinds of aphid parasitic wasp eggs, collection of parasitic wasps, removal of impurities, and separation of the two kinds of parasitic wasps. The method for mixed feeding of two kinds of aphid parasitic wasps provided by the present application inoculates two kinds of parasitic natural enemies, i.e. Aphidius gifuensis and Encarsia spp., at different time periods, improves the parasitic efficiency of single wasps, avoids interspecific competition between adult wasps, collects the two kinds of parasitic wasps at the same time, and saves manpower and material resources.

The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural biological control, and discloses a parasitic wasp cross-season release method and system based on an ecological island and application. The parasitic wasp cross-season release method based on the ecological island comprises the steps that S1, plants with the trapping effect on target pests are planted in 2-3 point positions per mu on the periphery of an annual crop field; s2, before field planting of the trapping plants, pest prevention and control treatment is carried out on the trapping plants; s3, after the trapping plants are planted, pest traps are arranged at the planting points in a centralized mode, and target parasitic wasps are put in the planting points in a centralized mode. By means of the cross-season release method and system for the parasitic wasps, the overwintering survival rate of the parasitic wasps can be increased to 58.7% from 9.2%, the parasitic rate of target pests in the next year is increased by 32.5%, the annual release frequency is reduced by 1-2 times, and the cost is reduced by 40%.

The present application belongs to the field of bio-technology of agriculture and forestry, and relates to a method for increasing the egg production of Spodoptera litura based on irradiation mode. 60 Co source irradiation treatment; the irradiated Spodoptera litura pupae are cultured in an incubator to emerge, then the adults are moved to an adult rearing cage for rearing, and honey water is provided for nutrition. Through effective accumulated temperature treatment, a large number of Spodoptera litura pupae with consistent development are selected as irradiation objects, which can greatly increase the egg production of Spodoptera litura under the premise of ensuring the emergence rate of Spodoptera litura pupae and the lifespan of adults, increase the production of test insects, and the operation process is simple, safe and reliable, which provides a large amount of production insect source for conveniently and quickly producing biological control agent nuclear polyhedrosis virus by using Spodoptera litura, and expanding the host parasitic wasp by using the insect as host.

The invention belongs to the technical field of artificial reproduction of natural enemy insects and biological control of agricultural pests, and discloses a method for mixed feeding of two kinds of aphid parasitic wasps. The method is mainly technically characterized by comprising the following steps: breeding host plants, inoculating and breeding aphids, obtaining and inoculating two kinds of aphid parasitic wasps, collecting the parasitic wasps, removing impurities, and separating the two kinds of parasitic wasps. According to the method for mixed feeding of the two kinds of aphid parasitic wasps, the two kinds of parasitic natural enemies of the aphidius gifuensis and the aphis gossypii are inoculated in different time periods, the parasitic efficiency of the single species of wasps is improved, interspecific competition between adult wasps is avoided, the two kinds of parasitic wasps are collected at the same time, and manpower and material resources are saved.

The present invention discloses a method for gene silencing of tiny endoparasitic wasps by a nano-drip method of piercing the pupa with a needle and dripping the dsRNA inside the shell. The method of the present invention cleverly uses the pupa shell, the protective cover of the insect before it is about to emerge, to drip dsRNA by piercing the pupa shell, and then penetrate into the insect body with the help of nanomaterials, thereby providing a gene interference method for a class of insects that are tiny, internally parasitic, and cannot be effectively injected, and also provides a new way for other insects to carry out related technical research.

The present invention discloses a pentadecane parasitic wasp attractant and its application. Compared with existing pest attractants on the market, the pentadecane attractant provided by the present invention attracts beneficial parasitic wasps, eliminating growers' concerns about attracting more pests to their fields. Furthermore, the more beneficial insects there are, the better the field pest control effect. In addition to the pale-footed braconid wasp, the parasitic wasp attractant of the present invention may not only attract parasitic wasps of the Noctuidae family, but also other types of parasitic wasps, thereby increasing the number of parasitic wasps in the field and improving the parasitic wasp parasitism rate in the field, achieving the effect of parasitic wasps controlling field pests.

The invention relates to the technical field of physical prevention and control of pests and biological prevention and control of pests, in particular to a method for using X rays for artificial mass breeding of parasitic wasps. According to the method, the host eggs or the larvae or the pupae are irradiated through X rays, the irradiated host eggs or the larvae or the pupae serve as hosts to be provided for parasitic wasps to parasitize, and the parasitized host eggs or the larvae or the pupae are bred according to a conventional method. The parasitic wasps and hosts are automatically separated according to the characteristics that the parasitic wasps can complete growth and development in host eggs or larvae or pupae, and host eggs or larvae or pupae irradiated by X rays are hindered in growth and development and cannot normally eclode adults, so that the process of artificially feeding the parasitic wasps is simplified, and the aim of artificially feeding and breeding the parasitic wasps in a large quantity is achieved.

The present invention discloses a large-scale production device for Meteorus pulchricornis and its production method. The device includes, from top to bottom: a lid provided with a first screen; an upper box with an open top that mates with the lid and a second screen at the bottom; and a lower box with an open top that mates with the bottom of the upper box. According to the phototactic and upward tropic behaviors and the behavior characteristics of ventral clutching parasitism of Meteorus pulchricornis, the present invention designs a method of relatively isolating the host and the parasitoid above and below respectively by using a screen with a certain mesh number, so that the ovipositor of Meteorus pulchricornis can pierce through the mesh holes to reach the host and complete the oviposition behavior. This is beneficial to quickly separating the host and the parasitoid, and quickly transferring the host from the parasitism box to the breeding box, greatly improving the working efficiency during the parasitism process.

This invention discloses a method for artificially breeding *Mesochrysoma pineatus* to increase the mating rate and obtain more female offspring. The method significantly improves the mating and fertilization rate of female *Mesochrysoma pineatus* by adjusting the airflow and light intensity of the mating environment, thereby increasing the proportion of female offspring. This invention also determines the optimal host body weight, the ratio of infected wasps to bees, and the suitable temperature for parasitism and development during breeding, which can significantly increase the parasitism rate, obtain more offspring, and shorten the development cycle of the offspring, allowing for the reproduction of more parasitic wasps in a shorter time. This invention, while ensuring successful mating of adult *Mesochrysoma pineatus*, improves the parasitism rate of female wasps during artificial breeding, resulting in more offspring, especially female offspring, and shortening the breeding cycle, making it applicable to the large-scale production of this parasitic wasp.

This invention belongs to the field of biological control technology and discloses a fluorescently labeled parasitic wasp tag, including a substrate and a main protective sheet and a secondary support sheet connected to it; the main protective sheet and the secondary support sheet are respectively provided with a first egg tag area and a second egg tag area on their surfaces; a photoluminescent functional layer continuously covers the outer surface of the substrate and covers the area where the fold line is located; a fixing member extends from the secondary support sheet away from the fold line, and has insertion holes arranged in an array along its length; when the main protective sheet is folded along the fold line to the secondary support sheet, the first egg tag area and the second egg tag area form a continuous support surface; the main protective sheet covers the secondary support sheet to form a protective structure with a top opening. This invention adopts a folding self-locking structure, providing reliable sealing protection, preventing insect escape, moisture intrusion, and physical damage. The full-area fluorescent layer has uninterrupted coverage, and the key areas are continuously and conspicuously marked. Gradient insertion holes and radial ribs disperse stress to prevent insect eggs from falling off, and the overall structure is more wear-resistant.

The utility model relates to the technical field of agriculture and forestry deinsectization, in particular to a parasitic wasp releasing and supplying device which comprises a top cover, an attractant releasing assembly, a base and a limiting assembly. The top end of the top cover is connected with a lifting hook, and the bottom of the top cover is connected with a protective cover provided with a plurality of parasitic wasp release holes. The attractant release assembly is connected with the top cover, and the output end of the attractant release assembly is located on the outer side of the protective cover. The base is inserted into the protective cover along the bottom of the protective cover and is in sliding connection with the protective cover, a storage tank is arranged on the base, and a nutrition incubator is arranged in the storage tank. The limiting assembly is connected with the protective cover and the base. According to the device, the storage bin is arranged in the top cover, and the phagostimulant is slowly supplemented to the material suction cotton through the micro-leakage holes, so that the material suction cotton can continuously volatilize the smell of the phagostimulant for a long time, the device plays a role in guiding the parasitic wasps to climb out of the device, the base is easy and convenient to disassemble and assemble, and the cost is low. The supplement efficiency of bee pupae or parasitic bee eggs is improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of parasitic wasp incubation, in particular to a parasitic wasp incubation and rapid extraction device and a use method.The parasitic wasp incubation and rapid extraction device comprises an incubation chamber, and an adult breeding chamber is arranged on the front side of the incubation chamber. According to the parasitic wasp incubation and rapid extraction device, automatic and precise control over the parasitic wasp incubation and rapid extraction process is achieved, coordinated linkage of all parts of the cultivation assembly is achieved through precise driving of an electric push rod, an artificial pupa containing frame can be unfolded and folded according to needs, a suitable space environment is provided for injection and subsequent development of parasitic wasp eggs, and meanwhile the artificial pupa containing frame can be used for containing the parasitic wasps. The movable and sealed design of the closed bin effectively isolates the adult breeding chamber from the incubation chamber, avoids mutual interference of parasitic wasps in different stages, improves the cultivation efficiency, and the arrangement of the warm lamp and the light source attracting device not only provides stable temperature conditions for incubation of parasitic wasp eggs, but also ingeniously guides the behaviors of the parasitic wasps, and improves the survival rate of the parasitic wasps. Precise injection of eggs and smooth separation of adults are achieved.