55 results about "Potentilla" patented technology

The invention provides a potentilla fruticosa extract for preventing and treating ovarian function decline as well as a preparation method and application of the potentilla fruticosa extract, and belongs to the field of traditional Chinese medicines. The preparation method comprises the following steps: crushing the potentilla fruticosa, adding an ethanol water solution, extracting, refluxing, filtering, and removing ethanol and water from filtrate to obtain a potentilla fruticosa crude extract; extracting the crude extract with petroleum ether, and removing the petroleum ether to obtain a refined product of the potentilla fruticosa; and carrying out spray drying on the refined product to obtain the potentilla fruticosa extract. The extract prepared by the method is stable in physical property, easy to store and transport, simple in preparation process and convenient to operate; meanwhile, in the production process, no 1-3 types of organic solvents are used, so that the method is green, environment-friendly and good in safety. The potentilla fruticosa extract has a good effect of preventing and treating ovarian function decline.

The invention discloses a plant sweat-proof sunscreen repairing composition and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of cosmetics. The plant sweat-proof and sun-proof repairing composition provided by the invention is prepared from the following components in parts by mass: 4 to 7 parts of sophora fruit extract, 0.1 to 0.5 part of holly leaf and Chinese ilex leaf extract, 0.7 to 0.8 part of roselle flower extract, 0.1 to 0.5 part of cortex fraxini extract and 0.01 to 0.05 part of potentilla chinensis extract. The plant sweat-proof and sun-proof repairing composition provided by the invention can effectively inhibit sweating on the basis of good ultraviolet resistance, does not block pores while inhibiting sweating, and is mild and non-irritant; meanwhile, the sunburn repairing capability is excellent, the shielding capability of the sunburn skin can be effectively recovered, and the red area generated by sunburn can be reduced.

The invention discloses a method for restoring an alpine meadow engineering slope, and relates to the technical field of ecology. The method comprises the following steps: covering surface soil on a side slope of the alpine meadow to be repaired to form a slope surface; placing potentilla anserine seeds on the slope surface; shading and watering. An indigenous species potentilla anserine is used as a grass seed for ecological restoration of the alpine meadow side slope, and the potentilla anserine can adapt to a severe environment with low temperature and barren soil, is high in growth speed and can quickly improve the vegetation coverage of the slope surface; the potentilla anserine can maintain the diversity of local alpine meadow biocenosis and prevent alien species from invading; sunshade not only can prevent sunlight from directly irradiating the soil, reduce the soil temperature of the surface soil of the side slope of the alpine meadow and maintain the soil moisture, but also can reduce the loss of the surface soil and the potentilla anserine seeds in the'vacuum period 'of vegetation protection. By means of the method, the slope vegetation in the alpine meadow area can be rapidly restored, and the obvious effect on ecological restoration of the slope in the alpine meadow area is achieved.

The invention discloses a shrub and grass combined vegetation restoration and reconstruction method for a photovoltaic power station in a high-cold and high-altitude area, relates to the technical field of vegetation restoration and reconstruction, and aims to solve the problem that shrub and grass growth is not facilitated when the prior art is applied to the high-cold and high-altitude area. The method comprises the following steps; the method comprises the following steps: S1, soil improvement: improving the soil of a photovoltaic power station area in a high-cold and high-altitude area; s2, shrub and grass vegetation selection: selecting and using potentilla fruticosa and potentilla glauca to alternately plant in a vacant area between the photovoltaic panels according to the line spacing of 2m and the plant spacing of 1.5 m, then selecting and using elymus nutans and siberian wildrye, mixing the elymus nutans and the siberian wildrye according to the seed mass ratio of 1: 1, sowing in line in the shrub lines and the area below the photovoltaic panels, and the sowing rate per mu being 15-20kg; s3, later-stage maintenance management, wherein the planted shrub and grass vegetation is subjected to maintenance management. The method has the advantage of guaranteeing the growth and survival of shrub and grass vegetation.

The utility model relates to a low-temperature dehydration device for silverweed cinquefoil root seedling powder, which belongs to the technical field of low-temperature dehydration devices and comprises a sealing component, a condensing component, a heating component, a supporting component and a negative pressure component. The condensation assembly is arranged at the upper part of the sealing assembly; the heating assembly is arranged in the sealing assembly in a sliding mode and can protrude out of the sealing assembly. The supporting assembly is arranged on the heating assembly and can be connected with the sealing assembly in a sliding mode. The negative pressure assembly is arranged on the sealing assembly. The sealing assembly comprises a cabinet body and a cabinet door rotationally arranged on the cabinet body. The negative pressure assembly comprises a negative pressure pipe and a pressure release valve which are arranged on the cabinet body. According to the device, a container filled with silverweed cinquefoil root seedling powder can be conveniently placed in the sealing assembly, and condensed water can be conveniently collected.

The application discloses a kind of vegetation repair methods of high-cold region soil and stone slope, solve the technical problem that the prior art construction process is complex, vegetation survival rate is low.It includes: preparation of binder and the binder is evenly sprayed on the soil and stone slope needing protection using mud spraying machine;On the soil and stone slope that spraying slope-polylactic acid three-dimensional net binder is finished;Laying soil nutrient layer;Mix the seeds of elytrigia repens, thalictrum, pot marigold, groundsel, purple-flowered needle grass and arrow leaf ligusticum, the mixed seed after processing, soil and water are fully stirred and mixed to form grass seed mud slurry, and the grass seed mud slurry is evenly sprayed on the soil nutrient layer;After seed germination, drill expansion bolt hole, chemical bolt is placed in the hole of expansion bolt, and expansion screw is drilled and fixed using.The application shows remarkable effect in improving vegetation survival rate, enhancing slope stability, simplifying construction process and reducing cost and improving biodiversity.

The utility model discloses a kind of seedling raising frames for planting Potentilla discolor, it is related to Potentilla discolor planting technical field, including frame body, three movable supporting devices are evenly arranged in the frame body, three movable supporting devices are fixedly connected with the frame body.The utility model is cooperated with the use of frame body, movable supporting device, placement frame, supporting assembly, limiting sliding slot, placement plate, limiting sliding block, control mechanism, driving assembly, screw rod, crank handle, linkage assembly, moving seat, fixed seat, bracing bar, non-slip mat and slide rail, to some extent, it improves or solves the problem that existing seedling raising frame is used, because Potentilla discolor seedling is different from other seedlings, its plant growth is higher, and the spacing of traditional seedling raising frame placement plate is fixed, leading to upper and lower layers of seedling raising tray are easily blocked, not only affect Potentilla discolor seedling light, but also make its growth space limited, and then possibly lead to seedling growth and development is poor, affect overall planting quality problem.

The invention discloses a vegetation restoration method for a soil-rock slope in an alpine region. The technical problems that in the prior art, the construction process is complex, and the vegetation survival rate is low are solved. Comprising the following steps: preparing an adhesive, and uniformly spraying the adhesive on a soil-rock slope needing to be protected by using a slurry spraying machine; the side slope-polylactic acid three-dimensional net adhesive is sprayed and attached to the earth-rock side slope; laying a soil nutrient layer; seeds of elymus dahuricus, thalictrum aquilegifolium, potentilla chinensis, trigonotis peduncularis, stipa purpurea and ligularia purdomii are mixed, the treated mixed seeds, soil and water are fully stirred and mixed in proportion to form grass seed slurry, and the grass seed slurry is evenly sprayed and attached to the soil nutrient layer; and after the seeds germinate, drilling a pore channel of the expansion bolt, putting the chemical bolt into the pore channel of the expansion bolt, and drilling and fixing by using an expansion screw. The method has remarkable effects in the aspects of improving the vegetation survival rate, enhancing the slope stability, simplifying the construction process, reducing the cost, improving the biological diversity and the like.

This invention discloses the contents of a Tibetan Artemisia capillaris capsule, which is prepared from the following raw and excipient materials in weight percentages: 55%–59% filler, 3%–6% flow aid, and the remainder being Tibetan Artemisia capillaris extract; the Tibetan Artemisia capillaris extract is an alcoholic extract of Tibetan Artemisia capillaris. The Tibetan Artemisia capillaris granules of this invention not only meet the quality requirements of the pharmacopoeia but also have low cost, making them suitable for large-scale industrial production.

The invention provides a preparation method and application of a silverweed cinquefoil root anti-hypoxia active component. The preparation method comprises the following steps: preparing active parts of potentilla anserine through a liquid-liquid-liquid three-phase extraction technology, constructing an HPLC fingerprint spectrum of the active parts, combining an in-vitro hypoxia H9c2 myocardial cell model, investigating anti-hypoxia drug effects of different parts, constructing a spectrum-effect relationship based on the anti-hypoxia activity of the potentilla anserine active parts, screening anti-hypoxia positive correlation components of the potentilla anserine by adopting Pearson correlation analysis and OPLS-DA, and screening the anti-hypoxia positive correlation components of the potentilla anserine. The anti-hypoxia positive correlation active component is prepared by adopting semi-preparative liquid chromatography, the anti-hypoxia activity of the anti-hypoxia positive correlation active component is verified, and the best anti-hypoxia drug effect ratio of the prepared compound is obtained by adopting uniform design and cell survival rate experiments.

The invention relates to the technical field of microorganisms, in particular to a plant burkholderia plantara strain BpMS90 and application thereof.The plant burkholderia plantara strain BpMS90 is obtained by separating and screening from root tissue of potentilla kleiniana, the plant burkholderia plantara strain BpMS90 is preserved in the China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center (CGMCC) on June 3, 2024, and the preservation number is CGMCC NO.30848. The invention further discloses a preparation method of the plant burkholderia plantara strain BpMS90. The burkholderia plantarum BpMS90 strain is safe, non-toxic and environment-friendly, the biological agent containing the burkholderia plantarum BpMS90 is wide in antibacterial spectrum and has antibacterial activity on various plant pathogenic fungi, and the burkholderia plantarum BpMS90 strain is a broad-spectrum microbial agent / bacterial fertilizer with good development and application prospects and has broad application prospects. The method has important significance on green prevention and control of the tomato verticillium wilt disease.

The invention provides a traditional Chinese medicine composition with an effect of treating chronic pharyngitis and a preparation method and application thereof. The traditional Chinese medicine composition is prepared from 30-50 parts of phyllanthus emblica, 20-40 parts of oroxylum indicum, 15-25 parts of terminalia chebula, 40-60 parts of roughhaired holly root, 15-35 parts of radix ophiopogonis, 5-15 parts of subprostrate sophora, 25-45 parts of selfheal, 10-30 parts of folium mori, 15-35 parts of chrysanthemum, 5-15 parts of radix scrophulariae, 8-18 parts of scaphium scaphigerum, 150-200 parts of wild chrysanthemum and 40-50 parts of honeysuckle. The preparation method comprises the following steps: (1) pretreatment and enzymolysis of rhizome raw materials; (2) whole-formula mixed extraction; (3) two-stage concentration; and (4) drying. Wild chrysanthemum focuses on clearing away heat and toxic materials and relieving swelling and pain The honeysuckle can help the wild chrysanthemum flower to clear away heat and toxic materials and dispel wind and heat. The two components are matched with the phyllanthus emblica and the like, and are prepared through an ultrasonic enzymolysis-gradient alcohol precipitation process, so that the curative effect is improved, and the recurrence rate is reduced.

The utility model belongs to the technical field of harvesters, and particularly relates to a potentilla anserine harvester which comprises a frame, a horizontal cutter set is arranged below the head of the frame, a digging shovel is arranged on the rear portion of the horizontal cutter set, a conveying device is arranged on the rear portion of the digging shovel, and a classifying screen is arranged on the rear portion of the conveying device. A cover shell is arranged at the top of the classifying screen, rhizomes of potentilla anserine above the ground can be cut off when the horizontal cutter set works, the potentilla anserine is dug out through the digging shovel and conveyed upwards through the conveying device, after the potentilla anserine reaches the highest point, the harvested potentilla anserine is thrown to the classifying screen at a certain speed, multi-stage array screening holes are formed in the classifying screen, and the potentilla anserine rolls downwards under the action of gravity; and meanwhile, the fan blows high-speed airflow to the classifying screen through the air supply pipe, and the silverweed cinquefoil roots with different sizes are blown to the storage box below the mesh screen, so that classification is realized. The whole process is automatic, mechanical and pneumatic principles are combined, efficient harvesting is achieved, instant grading is achieved, and the potentilla anserine harvesting efficiency and quality control are greatly improved.

The invention provides a wild flower combination for resisting alien plant invasion and application thereof, and belongs to the professional field of landscape gardens and ecology. The wild flower combination comprises the following flower species: laces, common spilanthes, lythrum salicaria, pennisetum alopecuroides, perennial salvia, rhododendron simsii, sanguisorba officinalis, polypogon fugax, salvia plebeian, roegneria erecta, linaria lingua, salvia palustris, echinacea purpurea, sessileflower desmodium, corn poppy, cirsium setosum, hispid arthraxon, duchesnea indica, potentilla serrata, selfheal, dandelion and herba violae. By considering the reasonable configuration of plants with different heights, the phenological difference of perennial root plants and annual and biennial plants and the competitive relationship between the planted plants and weeds, a high-density vegetation area is created, ecological design is performed from three dimensions of space, time and functions, the alien plant invasion resistance of the wild flower combination community is remarkably enhanced, and the survival rate of the wild flower combination community is increased. Meanwhile, the biodiversity protection and the landscape effect improvement are both considered.

The application discloses a kind of traditional Chinese medicine for treating eczema, mainly by first composition and second composition are made, the raw materials of the first composition include: smilax glabra, gangban gui, Chinese potentilla, triaenophora, atractylodes, wind-preventing plant;The raw materials of the second composition include: cortex phellodendri, honeysuckle stem, Chinese alpine, prunus mume, silver radix scophulariae, schisandra chinensis, ramulus mori, portulaca oleracea, licorice, astragalus, capillaria herba.The traditional Chinese medicine for treating eczema of the application, heat-clearing and detoxifying, expelling wind and removing dampness, can better improve the TCM syndrome score, EASI score, the degree of pruritus score, dermatology life quality index (DLQI) score of eczema patient, effectively improve the clinical problems of eczema patient, improve the quality of life.

The utility model provides a potentilla anserine soil culture incubator, and relates to the technical field of potentilla anserine soil culture incubators, the potentilla anserine soil culture incubator comprises a box body, an incubator body is arranged in the box body, a separation device is arranged in the incubator body, the box body is provided with a spraying device, the separation device comprises a round rod arranged in the incubator body, and the round rod is arranged in the box body. A sliding block is slidably connected to the surface of the round rod, a circular ring is fixedly connected to the side face of the sliding block, a supporting rod is fixedly connected to the side face of the sliding block, a round plate is fixedly connected to the upper top of the supporting rod, a transparent cover is fixedly connected to the bottom of the round plate, and a clamping ring is fixedly connected to the bottom of the transparent cover. A circular groove is formed in the upper top of the circular ring, the clamping ring is inserted into the circular groove, a clamping rod is inserted into the side face of the circular ring, the clamping rod is inserted into the clamping ring, and a rectangular groove is formed in the inner wall of the culture box.

The invention discloses an indoor cultivation method for increasing the survival rate of larvae and juveniles of horse mackerels, and relates to the technical field of aquaculture. Pretreated rotifers, shadberry fruit extracts and 2, 4 '-dihydroxychalcone are added in the early larva fish breeding stage and the later larva fish breeding stage, active ingredients such as gulcomannan, proline, chlorogenic acid and potentilla discolor extracts are added in the juvenile fish breeding stage, and meanwhile environmental factors such as illumination and sound wave stimulation are regulated and controlled, so that the juvenile fish breeding efficiency is improved. The survival rate of the horse mackerels and the capability of resisting infection of lactococcus gasseri and vibrio anguillarum can be effectively improved, the investment of the breeding cost is reduced, and the used baits are simple, easy to obtain and simple to prepare.

The invention relates to a preparation method of convenient potentilla anserine rice capable of being stored for a long time, which comprises the following steps: respectively carrying out puffing treatment on glutinous rice, glutinous highland barley and potentilla anserine, mixing the puffed glutinous rice, the puffed glutinous highland barley and the puffed potentilla anserine to obtain a mixture, adding syrup, mixing and pressing to obtain the potentilla anserine rice, adding a composite conditioning agent consisting of maltitol and maltooligosacharide, mixing, then carrying out aging treatment, and then carrying out deep-frying puffing, so as to obtain the puffed glutinous rice. The sticky rice is pretreated, the problem that the sticky rice becomes hard due to secondary aging of starch in the sticky rice after subsequent puffing is effectively solved, the oil absorption rate in the deep-frying puffing process is reduced, the highland barley and the silverweed cinquefoil root are pretreated respectively, and the problems that the puffed highland barley easily absorbs moisture, and the puffed silverweed cinquefoil root is easily coked are effectively solved. The finally prepared silverweed cinquefoil root rice can effectively maintain the crisp and slag-melting taste, and is not easy to absorb moisture and soften, and is not easy to age and harden.

The present invention relates to the field of microbial technology, and in particular to a Burkholderia plantarii strain BpMS90 and its application. The Burkholderia plantarii BpMS90 strain of the present application was isolated and screened from the root tissue of Potentilla kleiniana, and was deposited on June 3, 2024 at the China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center (CGMCC), with the deposit number of CGMCC NO. 30848. The Burkholderia plantarii BpMS90 strain of the present application is safe and non-toxic by itself, environmentally friendly, and the biological agent containing Burkholderia plantarii BpMS90 has a wide antibacterial spectrum and has antibacterial activity against a variety of plant pathogenic fungi. It is a broad-spectrum microbial bactericide / bacterial fertilizer with good development and application prospects, and is of great significance for the green prevention and control of tomato Verticillium wilt disease.

The invention discloses a traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating animal bacterial diseases as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of veterinary traditional Chinese medicines. The traditional Chinese medicine composition is prepared from the following raw material components: radix stemonae, potentilla discolor, pericarpium citri reticulatae, folium eriobotryae, cortex mori radicis, liquorice, kusnezoff monkshood leaf, roughhaired holly and mint. The traditional Chinese medicine composition can be directly added into livestock and poultry and aquatic feed, can also be prepared into powder, granules, oral liquid and the like, and can be effectively used for inhibiting bacterial infection of livestock and poultry and aquatic animals, relieving the inflammation development process and treating diseases caused by bacterial infection. The traditional Chinese medicine composition is reasonable in compatibility, small in toxic and side effects, simple in preparation process and wide in application prospect.

1. The name of the design product: pot (rainbow 438-440). 2. The use of the design product: the design product is used for pots. 3. The design points of the design product: the combination of shape and pattern. 4. The picture or photo that best indicates the design points: design 1 perspective view. 5. Design 1 is designated as the basic design.

The invention relates to the technical field of biomedical engineering, and discloses an anti-aging composition containing a TGF-B1 stem cell extract, and the composition comprises the following components in parts by mass: 8-9 parts of TGF-B1 stem cell extract; 0.5 to 0.9 part of a grape seed extract; 1 to 1.2 parts of calystegia hederacea extract; 0.8 to 1.3 parts of a mugwort extract; 1.8 to 2.1 parts of an aronia extract; 0.5 to 0.8 part of potentilla chinensis extract; 2.1 to 2.5 parts of a sow thistle extract; 3-5 parts of a ginseng extract; 20 to 30 parts of an aloe extract; 0.012 to 0.022 part of a clove extract; 0.01 to 0.019 part of a ginkgo leaf extract; the preparation method comprises the following steps: dividing the components into four types A, B, C and D, mixing under different conditions, sequentially adding into a homogenizer, homogenizing to obtain the composition, filtering, sterilizing, packaging, and storing in an environment of-5 to 5 DEG C. The composition can activate cell viability and slow down skin aging from the source; and the components in the formula have high safety and wide compatibility at the same time.

The invention belongs to the technical field of agriculture, and relates to a method for ecologically controlling weeds in a tea garden in a Dabie mountain tea district, a benign ground cover cultivation method is adopted for control, benign ground covers are sown in a mixed mode after weeding is conducted in the tea garden, and the benign ground covers comprise Indian strawberry, creeping oxalis, herba violae, potentilla chinensis, veronica erecta, Euler and sakura. The method provided by the invention not only can realize ecological weed control, but also can improve the number of bud heads, dry weight of the bud heads and leaf area, thereby improving the quality and yield of tea leaves.

Provided is a composition that imparts a satisfactory effect on the skin. The present invention provides a composition comprising 1-piperidine propionic acid and Geranium wilfordii, a composition for promoting MSMO1 expression, and a composition for improving skin gloss.

The invention relates to the technical field of cosmetics, in particular to an anti-allergy repairing composition and a preparation method thereof. The anti-allergy repairing composition is prepared from the following components in parts by weight: a tea leaf extract, a potentilla chinensis root extract, a chlamydomonas reinhardtii extract, chavallonic acid lactone, a radiation pine bark extract, lactoferrin, a saussurea involucrate cell culture, butanediol and the balance of water. According to the anti-allergy composition disclosed by the invention, multiple plant red fading soothing agents, antioxidants, skin regeneration agents and the like are compounded and combined, multi-target repair is realized, and the problems that an existing anti-allergy repair product treats both symptoms and root causes, is poor in repair effect and causes skin micro-ecology imbalance are comprehensively solved.

The present application relates to a kind of PsGSH1 gene and its promoter analysis and zinc resistance application of sericeous potentilla.The nucleotide sequence length of the gene is 1509bp, sequence is SEQ.NO.1, the amino acid sequence length of the gene coding is 502aa, sequence is SEQ.NO.2, the nucleotide sequence length of the gene promoter proPsGSH1 is 1541bp, sequence is SEQ.NO.3.The plant recombinant expression vector GV1300-PsGSH1-GFP and pBI121-proPsGSH1-GUS are constructed, and are transferred into model plant arabidopsis and tobacco, and obtain overexpression strain line.By analysis and verification, it is proved that the promoter proPsGSH1 contains zinc resistance cis-acting element and has activation activity.Under zinc stress, it is verified that PsGSH1 has zinc resistance function, and the gene can effectively alleviate the damage of excessive zinc to plant, and provides gene resources for cultivating zinc-tolerant plants.

1. Name of the designed product: flower-shaped herb cup. 2. Use of the designed product: for containing herb. 3. Design points of the designed product: in shape. 4. Picture or photo best indicating the design points: perspective view.

The present invention provides a leaf cutting propagation method of berry leaf Potentilla, comprising the steps of: using mature basal leaves of berry leaf Potentilla as cuttings, soaking in a hormone solution after disinfection, and cutting in a matrix after hormone treatment, wherein the hormone solution is 100-1000mg / L IBA solution or a mixed solution of 100-1000mg / L NAA and IBA, and the matrix is ​​peat, perlite, vermiculite mixed matrix, peat, perlite mixed matrix or peat, vermiculite mixed matrix. In the present invention, the cuttings can take root after 30d of leaf cutting of berry leaf Potentilla, and a complete root system can be formed after 45d, with a rooting rate of up to 63.33%, an average number of roots per plant of 6.90 / spike, an average root length of 27.98cm, a maximum root length of 13.83cm, and a root system effect index of 20.50. The invention effectively improves the rooting rate and rooting effect of the berry-leaf Potentilla, and at the same time makes up for the disadvantage of its long natural reproduction cycle. It is suitable for the cutting seedling cultivation of the berry-leaf Potentilla, and can provide a new way for the production and reproduction of the berry-leaf Potentilla.

To remove senescent cells, and / or to remove senescent cells to prevent, inhibit, and ameliorate skin aging phenomena such as spots, wrinkles, sagging, skin thinning, skin fragility, and dryness.SOLUTION: A composition comprises at least one plant extract selected from the group consisting of Thymus serpyllum, Rosaceae Rosa, Origanum majorana, Matricaria recutita or Chamomilla recutita, Rhaphiolepis bibas or Eriobotrya japonica, Eucalyptus globulus, Thymus vulgaris, Salvia officinalis, Perilla frutescens var. crispa, Japanese cherry, Coffea arabica, Mentha piperita, Rosa canina, Potentilla tormentilla vulgaris, and Astragalus sinicus.SELECTED DRAWING: None

A composition for administration to a subject is disclosed. The composition comprises at least one plant-active component. The plant-active component is present in the composition in an amount that effectively inhibits xanthine oxidase (XO) in the subject. The plant-active component comprises at least one extract selected from the group consisting of: i) an extract of *Potentilla fruticosa*; ii) an extract of *Hedyotis diffusa*; and iii) a combination of i) and ii). The composition may also comprise one or more supplementary extracts. The composition may be in the form of an oral composition, for example, for ingestion. The composition may also be in the form of a topical composition, for example, for topical application. A method for inhibiting xanthine oxidase (XO) in a subject is also provided. The method comprises administering an effective amount of the composition to the subject.