The invention relates to a surface electrification simulation test system and a method for satellite tail regions, and belongs to the test field. The system comprises a medium and low energy electronic gun, a three-dimensional transmission mechanism, a surface potentiometer, lamp filaments, a plasma diagnostic system, a Kaufmann ion source, a vacuum-pumping system, a vacuum chamber and a personal computer (PC). The method comprises that a satellite component is placed in the vacuum chamber to vacuumize the vacuum chamber; the Kaufmann ion source and the medium and low energy electronic gun are opened, and grid accelerating voltages, ion beams and electronic beams of the Kaufmann ion source and beam density and energy of the medium and low energy electronic gun are set; the plasma diagnostic system is used for diagnosing produced plasma environments; and the three-dimensional transmission mechanism drives the surface potentiometer to measure surface charging potentials in the satellite tail region. By means of the surface electrification simulation test system and the method for satellite tail regions, plasma environment simulation can be performed on satellite tail region environments, and the charging simulation test of the satellite component tail region can be performed.