The invention discloses an electronic instrument voltage detection calibration system and calibration method. The voltage detection calibration system includes a central processing unit, a calibration power supply, a voltage measuring module and a display output module, wherein the central processing unit prestores a calibration voltage value of the calibration power supply, the central processing unit is electrically connected with the calibration power supply or a power supply to be detected through the voltage measuring module, and the display output module is electrically connected with the central processing unit. The voltage detection calibration system provided by the invention realizes automatic calibration of voltage detection, does not need to use a potentiometer structure, effectively reduces hardware cost, at the same time, compared with a traditional mode in which products must be manually calibrated one by one, the automatic calibration mode realized by the voltage detection calibration system greatly saves time consumed by calibration, effectively improves calibration efficiency, facilitates realization of volume production, meanwhile, the problem of difference of each product caused by manual operation does not exist, and calibration precision is effectively improved.