The invention relates to a device and method for analysis and test of a high-speed grinding characteristic of a rotary part. The device mainly comprises a high-speed grinding wheel spindle system, a workpiece spindle system, a force measurement device for testing cylindrical grinding force, a cylindrical grinding workpiece and a temperature test device of the cylindrical grinding workpiece, and the device is used for analyzing and researching grinding force, grinding heat, a computing method of a coupling effect and a software system. Simultaneously, the grinding force and the grinding heat in a high-speed grinding process of the rotary part are collected so as to discriminate effect of mechanical energy and heat energy in the high-speed grinding process on workpiece surface quality and grinding wheel wear mechanism, and testing accuracy and efficiency of the grinding force of the rotary part are improved greatly. By means of a reverse heat flux calculation method and an algorithm, heat flux entering the workpiece, the grinding wheel and the like is obtained, effect of a high-speed grinding process on the workpiece surface quality and the grinding wheel wear mechanism is disclosed, grinding process parameters and the like are optimized further, high-speed grinding characteristics of different workpiece materials can be disclosed, and further optimization design of the high-speed grinding process and main configuration of the process is performed.