The invention discloses an extraction device and method for recycling phosphorus in sludge incineration ash. The device comprises a mounting frame, an acid leaching assembly, a precipitation assemblyand a power assembly, a sliding column is arranged on the mounting frame, the acid leaching assembly comprises a lifting plate, an acid leaching cylinder, an ash residue cylinder and a mixing component, the lifting plate is connected with the sliding column, the acid leaching cylinder is arranged on a bottom plate, the ash residue cylinder is arranged in the acid leaching cylinder, the mixing component is arranged in the ash residue cylinder, the precipitation assembly comprises a precipitation cylinder and a stirrer, the precipitation cylinder is connected with the acid leaching cylinder, thestirrer is arranged at the upper end of the precipitation cylinder, the power assembly comprises a lifting motor, a first mixing motor, a second mixing motor and a stirring motor, the lifting motor provides power for the lifting plate, the first mixing motor and the second mixing motor provide power for the ash residue cylinder and the mixing component respectively, and the stirring motor provides power for a second belt wheel. The device is reasonable in structural design, can effectively promote the phosphorus recovery efficiency, and is suitable for large-scale popularization.