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According to one embodiment of the invention, a financial instrument issued to a customer includes an account and a guarantee of a protected value. The account has an account balance that changes over time, wherein at least part of the account balance is based on an initial deposit into the account. The protected value is fixed at the time of a particular event at a value at least equal to the greatest of the initial deposit, the account balance at the time of the particular event, and the highest value of the account balance on at least one anniversary of a customer specific date between the date of the initial deposit and the time of the particular event. The customer specific date is specific to the customer, determined no later than the time the financial instrument is issued, and independent of any transaction specific date related to the financial instrument.

A CDN edge server is configured to provide one or more extended content delivery features on a domain-specific, customer-specific basis, preferably using configuration files that are distributed to the edge servers using a configuration system. A given configuration file includes a set of content handling rules and directives that facilitate one or more advanced content handling features, such as content prefetching. When prefetching is enabled, the edge server retrieves objects embedded in pages (normally HTML content) at the same time it serves the page to the browser rather than waiting for the browser's request for these objects. This can significantly decrease the overall rendering time of the page and improve the user experience of a Web site. Using a set of metadata tags, prefetching can be applied to either cacheable or uncacheable content. When prefetching is used for cacheable content, and the object to be prefetched is already in cache, the object is moved from disk into memory so that it is ready to be served. When prefetching is used for uncacheable content, preferably the retrieved objects are uniquely associated with the client browser request that triggered the prefetch so that these objects cannot be served to a different end user. By applying metadata in the configuration file, prefetching can be combined with tiered distribution and other edge server configuration options to further improve the speed of delivery and / or to protect the origin server from bursts of prefetching requests.

According to one embodiment of the invention, a financial instrument includes an account with an account balance that changes over time, wherein at least part of the account balance may be discretionarily withdrawn and wherein the initial account balance is based upon an initial deposit; a guarantee that a beneficiary may periodically receive a transfer of an amount of money for the life of a first designated party, wherein the transfer may be due to withdrawal from the account or due to benefit payments made to the beneficiary, provided that the amount may vary based upon withdrawals from the account in excess of a particular limit; and an option to modify the guarantee such that upon election the beneficiary may periodically receive the transfer of the amount of money for the longer of the life of the first designated party and the life of a second designated party.

A financial instrument includes an account with an account balance that changes over time, wherein at least part of the account balance may be discretionarily withdrawn and wherein the initial account balance is based upon an initial deposit; a guarantee that a beneficiary may periodically receive a transfer of an amount of money for the life of a first designated party, wherein the transfer may be due to withdrawal from the account or due to benefit payments made to the beneficiary, provided that the amount may vary based upon withdrawals from the account in excess of a particular limit; and an option to modify the guarantee such that upon election the beneficiary may periodically receive the transfer of the amount of money for the longer of the life of the first designated party and the life of a second designated party.

One aspect of the present invention relates to ligands for transition metals. A second aspect of the present invention relates to the use of catalysts comprising these ligands in various transition-metal-catalyzed carbon-heteroatom and carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions. The subject methods provide improvements in many features of the transition-metal-catalyzed reactions, including the range of suitable substrates, number of catalyst turnovers, reaction conditions, and efficiency. For example, improvements have been realized in transition metal-catalyzed: aryl amination reactions; aryl amidation reactions; Suzuki couplings; and Sonogashira couplings. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to catalysts and methods of using them that operate in aqueous solvent systems.

According to one embodiment of the invention, a financial instrument issued to a customer includes an account and a guarantee of a protected value. The account has an account balance that changes over time, wherein at least part of the account balance is based on an initial deposit into the account. The protected value is fixed at the time of a particular event at a value at least equal to the greatest of the initial deposit, the account balance at the time of the particular event, and the highest value of the account balance on at least one anniversary of a customer specific date between the date of the initial deposit and the time of the particular event. The customer specific date is specific to the customer, determined no later than the time the financial instrument is issued, and independent of any transaction specific date related to the financial instrument.