The invention provides a self-heating sludge ultrahigh-temperature aerobic composting method and device with staged strain temperature control. For sludge composting, by inoculating windrow with a compound microbial agent, self-heating ultrahigh-temperature aerobic composting with staged temperature control is achieved. Stages comprise a starting stage, a moderate temperature stage, a high temperature stage, an ultrahigh temperature stage and a compost maturity stage; and the composting device comprises a tank, an automatic temperature and oxygen adjusting device, a bacteria adding device, a stirring device and a condensate water diversion groove. According to the self-heating sludge ultrahigh-temperature aerobic composting method and device with staged strain temperature control, an ultrahigh-temperature aerobic composting system and a staged temperature control composting mode are effectively combined, through heat produced by autophage of strains at the stages, self-heating of the sludge composting system is achieved, not only is an inhibiting effect of indigenous microorganisms of the exogenous microbial agent avoided, but also a good sterilization effect can be conducted on sludge by means of an ultrahigh-temperature condition, sludge moisture can be effectively removed, the residual sludge is deeply reduced, the composting efficiency is improved, a composting cycle is shortened, the problem of land occupation in a sludge composting process can be greatly solved, and the treatment cost is saved.