The invention discloses a high-efficiency photovoltaic power optimizer serial topology circuit. The circuit comprises photovoltaic arrays, optimizers and an inductor. The output end of each photovoltaic array is connected in parallel with one optimizer, all the optimizers are successively connected in series in an end-to-end mode to form an optimizer assembly string, and the optimizer assembly string is connected with the input end of an inverter via the inductor and a third switch tube. According to the invention, the optimizers share one inductor so that deviations in maximum power point tracking due to instability of the optimizers can be inhibited, at the same time, the volume of the overall inductor is reduced, materials are reduced, and the manufacturing cost is decreased; and the output line of the optimizer assembly string is provided with the third switch tube, when circuit currents tend to flow back or the currents are zero, the third switch tube is switched off, the currents flow through a third diode, voltage reduction loss of diodes of the circuit is enabled to be eliminated as much as possible when the currents are not interrupted, and the system efficiency is improved. The invention further discloses a control method of a high-efficiency photovoltaic power optimizer serial topology circuit.