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This invention relates to an aluminum-based composite material, a robot arm, and a method for preparing the robot arm, belonging to the technical field of metal matrix composites and high-end equipment structural components. The aluminum-based composite material comprises an aluminum alloy matrix and silicon carbide particle reinforcement distributed within the aluminum alloy matrix. The chemical composition of the aluminum alloy matrix, by mass percentage, includes: Cu 3.0-6.0%, Mg 0.5-2.0%, Ag 0.1-1.0%, Zr 0.05-0.3%, Ti 0.01-0.2%, with the balance being Al and unavoidable impurities. The microstructure of the aluminum alloy matrix contains L12-Al3(Zr,Ti) nanophases and lath-like Al2Cu phases. The robot arm prepared using this aluminum-based composite material exhibits an axial tensile strength exceeding 320 MPa and an axial thermal conductivity exceeding 220 W / (m·K) at a high temperature of 300℃, achieving an integrated function of "load bearing and heat conduction." This invention effectively solves the problems of decreased accuracy and shortened lifespan of existing robot arms due to material softening and insufficient heat conduction at high temperatures, and has the advantages of lightweight, high reliability and low cost.