The invention discloses a continuous enlarging cultivation device for mineral-bioleaching microorganisms. The cultivation device comprises a cylinder which is formed by sequentially connecting an upper cylinder body, a middle cylinder body and a lower cylinder body, wherein the upper cylinder body can collect feed liquid which is discharged due to overflowing, the middle cylinder body can continuously cultivate the microorganisms in an enlarged mode, and the lower cylinder body can collect discharged precipitates. A detachable multi-layer filler assembly is arranged in the middle cylinder body, the multi-layer filler assembly is composed of a multi-layer filler box and filler which is arranged in the filler box, a heater, a nutrient solution distributing plate and an aeration device are arranged below the multi-layer filler assembly, and the aeration device is arranged below the nutrient solution distributing plate. The cultivation device is simple in design, continuous cultivation canbe achieved, the concentration of the microorganisms in a mature bacteria solution can be improved, and while continuous production of the high-concentration bacteria solution is maintained, the problem about the loss of strains in a reactor is effectively eased. The cultivation efficiency of the mineral-bioleaching microorganisms is improved, and the device has the advantages of being safe, efficient, low in space occupation, low in power consumption, simple and easy in operation and capable of achieving combined cultivation of a plurality of cultivation devices.