A vaccine comprising a live
avirulent strain of
bacteria or an immunogenic composition that comprises a live
avirulent strain of
bacteria, wherein the
bacteria is cured of plasmids and / or transposons that contain AMR genes, and a non-conjugative synthetic curing
plasmid that cures plasmids and / or transposons that contain AMR genes from such bacteria. A method for producing the live
avirulent strain of bacteria or an immunogenic composition that comprises a live avirulent strain of bacteria; a method for treating, preventing, or reducing the severity, duration, or incidence of clinical signs, of a virulent bacterial infection; and a method for preventing, or reducing the risk or incidence of transference of AMR genes are also disclosed.