The invention provides a refractive index sensor based on an asymmetric nanostructure perfect absorber, a sensing test device and a sensing test method. The refractive index sensor comprises a substrate, a gold film, a spacing layer and a nanometer meniscus array, the gold film is evaporated on the substrate and is used for eliminating transmission; the spacing layer is arranged on the gold film and is used for spacing the gold film and the nano meniscus array; the nanometer meniscus array is arranged on the spacing layer, and when light irradiation and the nanometer meniscus array resonate, a local surface plasmon resonance dipole mode or a high-order mode is excited. According to the invention, by controlling and changing the polarization of incident light, different high-order local surface plasmon resonance modes are selectively excited by using the asymmetric nanometer meniscus perfect absorber, and the high-order plasmon resonance modes have relatively small radiation; and due to the perfect absorption property, the refractive index sensor utilizes inevitable loss in daily life, and transmission is reduced, so that the refractive index sensor has relatively high absorption, and the purposes of obtaining a narrow-band spectrum and improving the detection sensitivity of the sensing device are achieved.