99 results about "Fluorobenzene" patented technology

Methods for treating patients with wAIHA comprising administering at least one compound chosen from (R)-2-[3-[4-amino-3-(2-fluoro-4-phenoxy-phenyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl]piperidine-1-carbonyl]-4-methyl-4-[4-(oxetan-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl]pent-2-enenitrile (rilzabrutinib) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are disclosed.

Methods for treating Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) comprising administering a BTKi, such as at least one compound chosen from (R)-2-[3-[4-amino-3-(2-fluoro-4-phenoxy-phenyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl]piperidine-1-carbonyl]-4-methyl-4-[4-(oxetan-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl]pent-2-enenitrile (rilzabrutinib) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, are disclosed.

The invention relates to the technical field of p-fluorobenzaldehyde production, and particularly discloses a production process of high-purity p-fluorobenzaldehyde. The invention relates to a production process of high-purity p-fluorobenzaldehyde. The production process comprises the following steps: S1, carrying out a chlorination reaction by taking p-fluorotoluene and chlorine as raw materials to prepare a mixed chlorination solution of p-fluoromethyl benzyl monochloride, p-fluoromethyl benzyl dichloride and p-fluoromethyl benzyl trichloride; s2, adding an organic complexing agent, which is a water-soluble aprotic solvent, into the mixed chlorinated liquid prepared in the step S1, and then performing vacuum rectification to obtain distillate and residual liquid; rectifying by taking the residual liquid as a raw material to obtain kettle liquid and rectified liquid; and S3, carrying out hydrolysis reaction by taking the rectification liquid and water as raw materials, separating, and drying to obtain the product. The production process of the high-purity p-fluorobenzaldehyde has the advantages of high raw material conversion rate, high product purity and few three-waste products.

The invention discloses a preparation method of an omariglone key intermediate, which comprises the following steps: under the common catalytic action of a catalyst and a ligand, taking 4-bromo-2, 6-dimethyl fluorobenzene and hydrazine hydrate as initial raw materials, adding an additive and a solvent, and synthesizing the omariglone key intermediate under a heating condition. The preparation method provided by the invention is simple to operate, mild in reaction condition and high in atom economy, the synthesis cost is reduced, and industrial-grade large-scale production is realized.

The invention discloses a synthesis method of Peniterpheyl A. According to synthesis of a key structural unit furan ring, diphenyl ether is synthesized through a simple heating substitution reaction of a phenol derivative and a fluorobenzene derivative, then C-C direct oxidative coupling of double benzene rings in a molecule is achieved under a Pd / Ag catalytic system to synthesize the furan ring, and due to steric hindrance and guiding group effects, the furan ring can be synthesized into the furan ring. The product has high selectivity, does not need harsh reaction conditions, has simple synthesis steps, is suitable for large-scale production, does not need to widely screen specific strains and fermentation conditions compared with a method for obtaining a low-amount target compound from microbial fermentation separation, is simple and efficient, and can guarantee a large amount of compounds required by subsequent research and development.

This invention discloses a polysubstituted indole[1,2-a]quinoxaline compound, its preparation method, and its applications. The structural formula of the polysubstituted indole[1,2-a]quinoxaline compound of this invention is or , where R 1 Selected from -H or -F, R 2 The compounds are selected from phenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, or 4-fluorophenyl. The polysubstituted indole[1,2-a]quinoxaline compounds of this invention have novel structures and significant antitumor activity, making them suitable for the synthesis of anticancer drugs. Furthermore, their preparation methods offer advantages such as readily available and inexpensive catalysts, broad substrate applicability, good functional group tolerance, simple operation, mild reaction conditions, and high step economy, making them suitable for large-scale industrial production and application.

The invention relates to a synthesis method of an intermediate for preparing a THR-beta agonist, and belongs to the technical field of medicine synthesis. The synthesis method of the intermediate for preparing the THR-beta agonist is realized by utilizing a substitution reaction of 1H-pyrazolo [4, 3-b] pyridine and 2, 6-dichloro-p-nitrofluorobenzene and a Katada reaction, has the advantages of easiness in large-scale production, controllable quality, controllable cost and the like, and compared with an existing preparation method, the yield of the preparation method disclosed by the invention is greatly improved, and the synthesis method is suitable for industrial production. The raw materials are cheap, easy to obtain, simple and efficient, and have great industrialization prospects.

The invention discloses a method for co-production of 2, 4-dichloro-5-fluoroacetophenone and hydroxylamine hydrochloride, and belongs to the technical field of organic chemical industry, 2, 4-dichlorofluorobenzene is used as a raw material, alkylation and reaction with tert-butyl nitrite are performed to generate oxime, and then hydrochloric acid hydrolysis is performed to generate 2, 4-dichloro-5-fluoroacetophenone and hydroxylamine hydrochloride; according to the method, co-production of the 2, 4-dichloro-5-fluoroacetophenone and the hydroxylamine hydrochloride is innovatively realized, not only are high yield and high purity of the target product 2, 4-dichloro-5-fluoroacetophenone ensured, but also the nitrogen element in the reaction is recycled and converted into the hydroxylamine hydrochloride with high additional value, and the atom economy is remarkably improved; according to the method, the operation process is greatly simplified, the use of dangerous reagents is avoided, and the intrinsic safety and environmental friendliness of the process are improved from the source; the method is simple to operate, safe and environment-friendly, the production cost is effectively reduced, and the market competitiveness of the product is enhanced.

The invention discloses a flavonol-based fluorescent probe for continuously detecting hydrogen sulfide and hypochlorous acid as well as a preparation method and application of the flavonol-based fluorescent probe. The flavonol-based fluorescent probe is 3-(2, 4-dinitrophenoxy)-7-(4-(diphenylamino) phenyl)-2-(4-(thiomorpholinophenyl) chromone, and the structural formula of the flavonol-based fluorescent probe is shown in the specification. According to the invention, 7-(4-(diphenylamino) phenyl)-3-hydroxy-2-(4-thiomorpholinophenyl) chromone is used as an initial raw material, and the 7-(4-(diphenylamino) phenyl)-3-hydroxy-2-(4-thiomorpholinophenyl) chromone and 2, 4-dinitrofluorobenzene are subjected to nucleophilic substitution reaction to obtain the compound 3-(2, 4-dinitrophenoxy)-7-(4-(diphenylamino) phenyl)-2-(4-(thiomorpholinophenyl) chromone. The compound is firstly subjected to selective thiolysis reaction under the action of hydrogen sulfide, the fluorescence color of a solution of the compound is changed from colorless to bright orange under the irradiation of ultraviolet light with the wavelength of 365 nm, then hypochlorous acid is continuously added into the solution, and the compound can be further subjected to specific oxidation reaction with the hypochlorous acid, so that the compound can be obtained. And the fluorescence color of the solution is changed from bright orange to bright cyan. Therefore, the compound can be used as a fluorescent probe for continuously detecting hydrogen sulfide and hypochlorous acid, has the advantages of low detection limit, high response speed, good light stability, wide pH application range and the like, and shows a good application prospect.

This invention discloses a synthetic process for an empagliflozin intermediate, belonging to the technical field of pharmaceutical intermediate synthesis. The synthetic process is as follows: 2-chloro-5-bromobenzoic acid is first mixed with dichloromethane and N,N-dimethylformamide, and thionyl chloride is added dropwise to obtain a dichloromethane solution of acyl chloride. Then, it is reacted with fluorobenzene under anhydrous aluminum trichloride catalysis to obtain intermediate EGAB-3. Then, it is dehydrated by azeotropic reaction with potassium hydroxide aqueous solution in toluene, and then refluxed with 3-hydroxytetrahydrofuran under tetrabutylammonium bromide catalysis to obtain intermediate EGAB-7. Then, it is reacted with 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane under anhydrous aluminum trichloride and nitrogen protection, dried, and tested to be qualified to obtain empagliflozin intermediate. This process achieves high purity, high yield, and low isomer impurities in the preparation of empagliflozin intermediate.

The invention relates to the technical field of preparation of fluorine-containing intermediates, and discloses a synthesis method for preparing 4, 4 '-difluorobenzophenone through a one-pot domino reaction. The invention aims to solve the problems of expensive raw materials, complex process, serious pollution, low yield and purity and the like in the prior art. According to the method, 4-fluorobenzoic acid and fluorobenzene are taken as raw materials, any one or more of trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride, phosphorus pentoxide, trifluoroacetic anhydride or paraformaldehyde is taken as an acid catalyst under a solvent-free condition, and a target product is directly prepared through a one-pot reaction. After the reaction is finished, excessive fluorobenzene is recovered, a high-purity product is obtained through extraction, alkali washing, drying and concentration, and unreacted 4-fluorobenzoic acid can be recovered by acidifying a water phase. The method has the advantages of simple process, easily available raw materials, mild conditions and environmental protection, realizes the excellent effects that the conversion rate of 4-fluorobenzoic acid is greater than 99%, the product yield is greater than 95% and the purity is greater than 99%, and is suitable for industrial production.

This invention discloses a low-dimensional layered wide-bandgap perovskite material, a wide-bandgap perovskite solar cell, and a method for preparing the same. The chemical formula of the low-dimensional layered wide-bandgap perovskite material is A2B. n‑ 1Pb n X 3n+1 Where A is at least one of 4-fluoro-phenylethylammonium ion, phenylethylammonium ion, butammonium ion, and octylammonium ion; B is at least one of methylamine ion, formamidinium ion, and cesium ion; X is at least one halide ion; and n is greater than 1 and less than 10. The low-dimensional layered wide-bandgap perovskite material provided by this invention exhibits excellent environmental stability, with a bandgap reaching 1.70 eV. The open-circuit voltage of perovskite solar cells based on this low-dimensional layered wide-bandgap perovskite material can reach 1.27 V at 0.1 cm⁻¹. 2 It achieves a photoelectric conversion efficiency of 20.18% within the effective area and exhibits good stability.

This invention relates to the field of alkali metal-chlorine secondary battery technology, and discloses an electrolyte additive, an electrolyte, and an alkali metal-chlorine secondary battery. The additive contains components A, B, and C in a mass ratio of 1:0.2-2.0:0.5-3.0; component A is selected from at least one of ethyl viologen dibromide, benzyl viologen diiodide, and 1,4-phenylenediamine hydroiodate; component B is selected from at least one of 3-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-bisacrylidine, 1-bromo-2-fluorobenzene, and 4-(benzyloxy)-1-bromo-2-fluorobenzene; and component C is selected from at least one of 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyltrimethylammonium bromide, (3-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)methylamine, and 3-iodobenzylamine. The electrolyte provided by this invention, when applied in an alkali metal-chlorine secondary battery system, exhibits high reversible capacity, cycle stability, and environmental adaptability.

This disclosure provides methods for treating a disease chosen from membranous nephropathy (MN), IgG4-related diseases, and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) in a mammal using, for example, a therapeutically effective amount of the BTK inhibitor 2-[(3R)-3-[4-amino-3-(2-fluoro-4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl]piperidine-1-carbonyl]-4-methyl-4-[4-(oxetan-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl]pent-2-enenitrile or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Provided herein are advantageous isolated morphic forms of the mutant BRAF degrader (3R)-3-[6-[2-cyano-3-[[ethyl(methyl)sulfamoyl]amino]-6-fluorophenoxy]-4-oxoquinazolin-3-yl]-8-[2-[1-[3-(2,4-dioxo-1,3-diazinan-1-yl)-5-fluoro-1-methylindazol-6-yl]-4-hydroxypiperidin-4-yl]acetyl]-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane (Compound 1), and methods for preparing morphic forms of Compound 1 for therapeutic use. The present invention also provides improved methods for the synthesis of Compound 1, novel pharmaceutical compositions containing Compound 1, and novel uses of Compound 1.

The invention discloses a class of fluorobenzoyl anthracycline derivatives, and preparation method for preparing and applications of the same. The fluorobenzoyl anthracycline derivatives have chemical formula ofwhere R1 is selected from the group consisting of —CH3, —CH2OH and —O—CH3 groups; R2 is selected from the group consisting of —H, —OH and —O—CH3 groups; and R3 is a trifluoromethyl-substituted benzoyl group or a trifluoromethylphenyl-substituted benzoyl group. The preparation method involves the derivatization of fluorobenzoyl groups on the amino group of anthracycline derivatives. These derivatives act as ablation media for chemical ablation of heterogeneous myocardial tissues, achieving effective myocardial damage with targeted localization and controllable damage characteristics.

The invention relates to a method for determining the content of tobramycin in tobramycin eye drops, which comprises the following steps: 1) preparation of a reference substance solution: taking a tobramycin reference substance, and adding water and sulfuric acid to dissolve the tobramycin reference substance to prepare the reference substance solution; 2) preparation of a test solution: diluting tobramycin eye drops with water to prepare a reference solution; 3) preparation of derivatization solutions: respectively adding the reference substance solution and the test substance solution into a 2, 4-dinitrofluorophenethyl alcohol solution and a tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane solution for reaction, and adding acetonitrile after the reaction is completed to prepare a reference substance derivatization solution and a test substance derivatization solution; and 4) determination: taking the reference substance derivatization solution and the test sample derivatization solution, respectively injecting into a high performance liquid chromatograph to obtain chromatograms, and calculating the tobramycin content by using an external standard method according to the peak area of the chromatograms.

The present application relates to the technical field of chemical synthesis, and particularly relates to a preparation method of 4,4'-difluorobenzophenone and a method for synthesizing polyether ether ketone by two steps of carbon tetrachloride. The preparation method of 4,4'-difluorobenzophenone comprises the following steps: under the condition that trifluoromethanesulfonic acid and N-methyl pyrrolidone exist, CCl4 and fluorobenzene are reacted, and the product is hydrolyzed to obtain 4,4'-difluorobenzophenone. The present application solves the problems of high cost, poor environmental protection and performance that cannot meet market requirements of PEEK by innovating raw material route, catalytic system and process parameters, realizes low-cost, green and high-performance synthesis of PEEK, the purity of the prepared DFBP monomer can reach >=99.99%, and the PEEK molecular weight distribution (PDI<=1.9) can be narrowed, and the method is suitable for industrialized production of PEEK materials used in high-end fields such as aerospace, medical devices and electronic and electrical appliances.

The invention discloses a synthesis method of an atorvastatin intermediate. The method comprises the following steps of: catalyzing alpha-chlorophenylacetyl chloride and fluorobenzene to perform Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction by taking immobilized Bronsted-Lewis acidic ionic liquid as a catalyst, and performing condensation reaction on a product and isobutyryl acetanilide under the action of alkali and the assistance of microwaves, the preparation method comprises the following steps: adding 2-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-oxo-1-phenylethyl]-4-methyl-3-oxo-N-phenyl pentanamide into an organic solvent to obtain the atorvastatin intermediate 2-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-oxo-1- By utilizing the characteristics of large specific surface area and abundant active sites of graphite-like carbon nitride, the graphite-like carbon nitride is used as an ionic liquid immobilization carrier and a parent nucleus to participate in the ionic liquid preparation process, the catalytic activity of the ionic liquid is retained, the catalyst is simple to separate, the reaction rate and selectivity are improved, the steps are simple, and the method is suitable for industrial production. The method has the advantages of mild reaction conditions in each step, low cost, high yield and easily available reaction conditions, and improves the application prospect.

The invention discloses a dispersion medium composition of a perfluoropolyether lithium salt electrolyte. The dispersion medium composition comprises a carbonate solvent, fluorinated ether modified multi-branched carbonate, a cosolvent and fluorobenzene modified carbonate. The dispersion medium composition of the perfluoropolyether lithium salt electrolyte is jointly formed by the substances, so that the temperature range of the electrolyte can be widened, the cold and hot safety boundary of a lithium battery is improved, and the high temperature (gt; 70 DEG C) and low temperature (lt; the out-of-control risk at-40 DEG C is reduced, the state or phase change of the battery in the use and storage process is reduced, the long-term stability is improved, and the flame-retardant safety is realized.

The invention discloses a method for synthesizing loxapine succinate, which comprises the following steps of: carrying out substitution reaction by using 2-nitrofluorobenzene and 2-hydroxy-4-chloromethyl benzoate as raw materials to generate 5-chloro-2-(2-nitrophenoxy) benzoate; nitryl is reduced, and 5-chloro-2-(2-aminophenoxy) benzoate is generated; the method comprises the following steps: carrying out an intramolecular ring closing reaction to generate 2-chlorodibenzo [b, f] [1, 4] oxazepine-11 (10H)-ketone; 2, 11-dichlorodibenzo [b, f] [1, 4] oxazepine is obtained through a reaction and chlorination; the method comprises the following steps: carrying out a C-N coupling reaction of methyl piperazine to generate 2-chloro-11-(4-methylpiperidine-1-yl) dibenzo [b, f] [1, 4] oxazepine; and salifying with succinic acid to generate the loxapine succinate. The method is easily available in raw materials, simple in process and suitable for large-scale production.

Provided is a novel compound serving as an analogue to be removed from API or a preparation. Further provided is a reference standard of an analogue for use in the quality control of a medicament. Analogue 1: 3-ethyl-4-{4-[4-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1H-imidazol-1-yl]-3,3′-di(propan-2-yl)-1′H-[1,4′-bipyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin]-1′-yl}benzamide. Analogue 2: 3-ethyl-4-fluorobenzamide. Analogue 3: N-[1-(4-carbamoyl-2-ethylphenyl)-3-(propan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-4-yl]-3-ethyl-4-{4-[4-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1H-imidazol-1-yl]-3-(propan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-1-yl}benzamide. Analogue 4: 3-ethyl-4-{14-[4-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1H-imidazol-1-yl]-13,23,33-tri(propan-2-yl)-31H-[11,24:21,34-terpyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin]-31-yl}benzamide. Analogue 5: 4,4′-(1H,1′H-[4,4′-biimidazole]-1,1′-diylbis{[3-(propan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-4,1-diyl]})bis(3-ethylbenzamide). Analogue 6: 4-{4,6-bis[4-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1H-imidazol-1-yl]-3-(propan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-1-yl }-3-ethylbenzonitrile. Analogue 7: 4-{4,6-bis[4-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1H-imidazol-1-yl]-3-(propan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-1-yl }-3-ethylbenzamide. Analogue 8: 4-[4-ethoxy-3-(propan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-1-yl]-3-ethylbenzamide. Analogue 9: 3-ethyl-4-[4-methoxy-3-(propan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-1-yl]benzamide.

Provided herein are substantially crystalline solid forms of 2-[3-[4-amino-3-(2-fluoro-4-phenoxy-phenyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl]piperidine-1-carbonyl]-4-methyl-4-[4-(oxetan-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl]pen-t-2-enenitrile (identified herein as Compound (I), and also known as PRN 1008 or rilzabrutinib) as a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt selected from an HCI, oxalate, and / or a maleate salt or alternatively, as a pharmaceutically-acceptable methyl paraben co-crystal, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising the substantially crystalline forms.

The invention provides a preparation method of 4, 4 '-difluorobenzophenone, which comprises the following steps: uniformly mixing carbon tetrachloride and lewis acid, adding fluorobenzene in an inert gas atmosphere at-30-25 DEG C, stirring and reacting for 8-24 hours, and post-treating the obtained reaction liquid to obtain the 4, 4'-difluorobenzophenone, the method is simple in reaction process, mild in condition and convenient to operate, a high-risk strong oxidant is not needed in the whole reaction process, strong acid with strong irritation and corrosivity is prevented from being used, generation of pollution gas is reduced, the synthesis efficiency is high, and the total yield reaches up to 93%.

Solid forms comprising (4S,5S)-1-({6-[4-(difluoromethyl)-2-fluorophenoxy]pyridin-3-yl}methyl)-4-hydroxy-5-methylpyrrolidine-2-one (Compound (I)), compositions comprising the same, and methods of making and using the same, for example, in the prevention or treatment of a central nervous system disease.

The invention provides an electrolyte and a secondary battery, the electrolyte comprises a solvent, an electrolyte and additives, the additives comprise a first additive and a second additive, the first additive is selected from at least one of compounds represented by a formula I, and the second additive is selected from fluorobenzene; based on the mass of the electrolyte, the mass percentage content of the first additive is W1, 0.01% < = W1 < = 5%, the mass percentage content of the second additive is W2, 0.01% < = W2 < = 5%. The first additive and the second additive are combined for use and can play a synergistic effect, the protective film structure of the secondary battery is optimized, and the cycle performance and high and low temperature performance of the secondary battery are improved.

The application discloses a synthesis method of an atorvastatin intermediate. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, using a solidized Brønsted-Lewis acidic ionic liquid as a catalyst, catalyzing a Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction of alpha-chlorobenzene acyl chloride and fluorobenzene, then, under the action of alkali and microwave assistance, performing a condensation reaction of the product and isobutyryl acetanilide, and finally, obtaining the atorvastatin intermediate 2-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-oxo-1-phenylethyl]-4-methyl-3-oxo-N-phenylpentanamide. The method uses the characteristics of a large specific surface area and rich active sites of graphite-like carbon nitride, simultaneously uses the graphite-like carbon nitride as an ionic liquid solid carrier and as a mother nucleus to participate in the preparation process of the ionic liquid, retains the catalytic activity of the ionic liquid, improves the reaction rate and selectivity through simple separation of the catalyst, and has the advantages of low cost, high yield, easy reaction conditions, and improved application prospect.

This application discloses trisubstituted quinazoline derivatives, their acid addition salts, pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and uses. Specifically, the trisubstituted quinazoline derivatives are (E)-4-(dimethylamino)-N-(4-((4-(4-fluoro-phenoxy)phenyl)amino)-7-ethoxyquinazoline-6-yl)but-2-enamides. This application also discloses (E)-4-(dimethylamino)-N-(4-((4-(4-fluoro-phenoxy)phenyl)amino)-7-ethoxyquinazoline-6-yl)but-2-enamide acid addition salts, their solvates or hydrates, or pharmaceutical compositions thereof. The substances disclosed in this application can be used for the prevention, inhibition, or treatment of cancer.

The invention relates to the technical field of lithium ion batteries, and discloses a composition for a high-temperature electrolyte, the high-temperature electrolyte, a preparation method of the high-temperature electrolyte and a lithium ion battery. The composition for the high-temperature electrolyte contains a lithium salt, a solvent, a film-forming additive and a high-temperature additive, on the basis of the total weight of the high-temperature electrolyte, the content of the lithium salt is 10-14 wt%, the content of the solvent is 75-85 wt%, the content of the film-forming additive is 3-6 wt%, and the content of the high-temperature additive is 1-5 wt%; the high-temperature additive is a combination of a fluorobenzene compound and thiosemicarbazone in a mass ratio of 1: (0.8-1.2). The high-temperature electrolyte provided by the invention can obviously improve the high-temperature cycle performance of the lithium ion battery.

Described herein, in part, are crystalline and salt forms of N-((l-(2-(tert-butylamino)-2- oxoethyl)piperidin-4-yl)methyl)-3-chloro-5-fluorobenzamide useful for preventing and / or treating a disease or condition relating to aberrant function of a T-type calcium channel, such as epilepsy and epilepsy syndromes (e.g., absence seizures, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, or a genetic epilepsy), tremor (e.g., essential tremor), and psychiatric disorder (e.g., mood disorders (e.g., major depressive disorder)).