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47 results about "Gene and protein expression" patented technology
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2 Answers 2. Gene expression is the production of a functional gene product from a gene. So protein expression is a functional read-out of gene expression for gene loci that encode proteins.
Adam12 as a biomarker for bladder cancer
InactiveUS20090029372A1Improve the level ofLower Level RequirementsMicrobiological testing/measurementMaterial analysisTissue ArraysAffymetrix genechip
The present inventors have shown that the gene and protein expression profiles of ADAM8, ADAM10 and ADAM12 in different grades and stages of bladder cancer.ADAM12 gene expression was evaluated in tumors from 96 patients with bladder cancer using a customized Affymetrix GeneChip. Gene expression in bladder cancer was validated using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), quantitative PCR, and in situ hybridization. Protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining on tissue arrays of bladder cancers.The presence and relative amount of ADAM12 in the urine of cancer patients were determined by Western blotting and densitometric measurements, respectively.Particularly ADAM12 mRNA expression was significantly upregulated in bladder cancer, as determined by microarray analysis, and the level of ADAM12 mRNA correlated with disease stage. ADAM12 protein expression correlated with tumor stage and grade. ADAM12 was present in higher levels in the urine from bladder cancer patients than in urine from healthy individuals. Significantly, following removal of tumor by surgery, in most bladder cancer cases examined the level of ADAM12 in the urine decreased and, upon recurrence of tumor, increased.
Owner:PHYSICIANS CHOICE LAB SERVICES +1
Defining biological states and related genes, proteins and patterns
InactiveUS20020169562A1Reduce the valueSugar derivativesMicrobiological testing/measurementDiseaseProtein insertion
Disclosed are a variety of methods and computer systems for use in the analysis of gene and protein expression data. Also disclosed are methods for the definition of the cellular state of cells and tissues from multidimensional physiological data such as those obtained from gene expression measurements with DNA microarrays. A variety of classification methods can be applied to expression data to achieve this goal. Demonstrated is the application of several statistical tools including Wilks' lambda ratio of within-group to total variance, Fisher Discriminant Analysis, and the misclassification error rate to the identification of discriminating genes and the overall classification of expression data. Examples from several different cases demonstrate the ability of the method to produce well-separated groups in the projection space representing distinct physiological states. The method can be augmented and is useful in disease diagnosis, drug screening and bioprocessing applications.
Owner:MASSACHUSETTS INST OF TECH
One-dimensional biological chip and application in gene, protein expression analysis
Disclosed is an one-dimensional biochip belonging to a serial analytic technique for micro-total analysis systems. The one-dimensional biochip is provided with a plurality of cellules on the micro-separation channel of micro flow control chip, microparticles modified by different biomolecules on surface are arranged in different cellules; in the gene or protein analysis, when the sample flows through the microchannel with a plurality of cellules, the microparticles can specifically identify and capture multiple target molecules, then a reagent with fluorescence labels can be introduced, and finally the microparticles will specifically combine with the fluorescence labels on surface to be detected by fluorescent imaging. The one-dimensional biochip provided by the invention not only has advantages of micro flow control technology and array analysis, but also improves the detection sensitivity and identification capability of target molecules, and provides an effective research measure for the gene and protein expression analysis at single cell level, and tumor research and drug screening.
Owner:HUNAN UNIV
Tissue electro-sectioning apparatus
InactiveUS20050220674A1Increase the sectionIntense and localized fieldAutomatic control devicesAnalysis using chemical indicatorsFresh TissueGene and protein expression
An apparatus for sectioning fresh unfixed tissue into very thin layers with preserved tissue architecture, antigenicity, mRNA content, and amenable to 3-D computer reconstruction without mechanical or thermal damage by employing a sectioning tool having an electrode with an intense focused electrical field at an edge. A computer controlled x-y-z translation stage moves the sectioning tool through the tissue as defined by a predetermined program. The sectioning tool produces consecutive thin sections of fresh tissue for immunohistochemical and nucleic acids analyses without mechanical or thermal damage, ultimately allowing high-resolution volumetric reconstruction of gene and protein expression patterns of large tissue specimens. The geometry of the sectioning tool is selected so as to produce a spatially localized electrical field of sufficient intensity to sever molecular bonds or propagate flaws in tissue without mechanical cutting.
Owner:THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE UNIV OF ARKANSAS
Homogeneous differentiation of hepatocyte-like cells from embryonic stem cells
InactiveUS20100143313A1Rapid and direct differentiationImprove survivalBiocideHepatocytesLiver morphologyBioartificial liver device
One of the major hurdles of cellular therapies for the treatment of liver failure is the low availability of functional human hepatocytes. Although embryonic stem (ES) cells represent a potential cell source for therapy, current methods for differentiation result in mixed cell populations or low yields of the cells of interest. The present invention provides for a rapid, direct differentiation method that yields a homogeneous population of endoderm-like cells with 95% purity. In one embodiment, mouse ES cells cultured on top of collagen-sandwiched hepatocytes differentiate and proliferate into a uniform and homogeneous cell population of endoderm-like cells. The endoderm-like cell population was positive for Foxa2, Sox17 and AFP, and could further differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells that demonstrate hepatic morphology, functionality, and gene and protein expression. Incorporating the hepatocyte-like cells into a bioartificial liver device to treat fulminant hepatic failure improved animal survival, thereby underscoring the therapeutic potential of these cells.
Owner:THE GENERAL HOSPITAL CORP
Gene and protein expression profiles associated with the therapeutic efficacy of irinotecan
InactiveUS20080076134A1Microbiological testing/measurementDisease diagnosisProtein expression profileIrinotecan
The present invention includes gene and protein expression profiles indicative of whether a cancer patient is likely to respond to treatment with irinotecan. By identifying such responsiveness, a treatment provider may determine in advance those patients who would benefit from such treatment, as well as identify alternative therapies for non-responders. The present invention further provide methods of using the gene and / or protein expression profiles and assays for identifying the presence of a gene and / or protein expression profile in a patient sample.
Owner:NUCLEA BIOMARKERS
Gene and protein expression profiles associated with the therapeutic efficacy of egfr-tk inhibitors
InactiveUS20090263819A1Microbiological testing/measurementBiological material analysisProtein expression profileNon responders
Owner:NUCLEA BIOMARKERS
Method of Preparing Autologous Cells and Method of Use for Therapy
A method for expanding mesenchymal cells derived from autologous bone marrow in autologous culture medium which can be used in a clinical setting, and a business method for performing such expansions in the future as a service for patients. A method for expanding mesenchymal cells derived from autologous bone marrow in autologous culture medium including a diagnostic kit for the autologous cell therapy to determine whether a patient will respond to the autologous cell therapy for treatment of a disease, in which said kit comprising a system for detecting gene and protein expression comprising at least two isolated DNA molecules wherein each isolated DNA molecule detects expression of a gene that is differentially expressed in the tissue of the patient that is intended to be the source of the autologous cell therapy.
Owner:BIOCARDIA
Methods and Compositions for Enhancing the Therapeutic Effect of Anti-Tumor T Cells
ActiveUS20140241983A1Enhance anti-tumor responseBiocideOrganic active ingredientsTreatment effectFOXP1
Compositions, e.g., therapeutic agents, and methods are provided for modulating gene and protein expression of Forkhead Box protein 1 (Foxp1). The therapeutic agents include short nucleic acid molecules that modulate gene and protein expression of Forkhead Box protein 1 (Foxp1) expression, viral vectors containing such molecules, T cells transduced with these viruses for adoptive therapies, and any small molecules that bind to and inactivate Foxp1. These compounds and methods have applications in cancer therapy either alone or in combination with other therapies that stimulate the endogenous immune system in the environment of the cancer, e.g., tumor.
Owner:THE WISTAR INST OF ANATOMY & BIOLOGY
Method for correlating gene expression profiles with protein expression profiles
InactiveUS7299134B2Microbiological testing/measurementMaterial analysis by electric/magnetic meansProtein expression profileGene and protein expression
Owner:CIPHERGEN BIOSYSTEMS INC
Screening methods used to identify compounds that modulate skin stromal cells (fibroblasts) ability to modify function of extracellular matrix
InactiveUS20080206770A1Microbiological testing/measurementMaterial analysisCell-Extracellular MatrixProtein molecules
The cellular response to cosmetic products has been characterized on the molecular level through the use of gene and protein expression technologies. Nucleic acid and protein molecules, the expression of which are induced or repressed in response to exposure to cosmetics, are identified according to a temporal pattern of altered expression post exposure. Methods are disclosed that utilized these cosmetics-regulated molecules as markers for effectiveness of cosmetics. Other screening methods of the invention are designed for the identification of compounds that modulate the response of a cell to exposure to cosmetics. The invention also provides compositions useful for drug screening or pharmaceutical purposes.
Owner:FIBROTX
Absolute quantitation of protein contents based on exponentially modified protein abundance index by mass spectrometry
InactiveUS7910372B2Biological testingSpecial data processing applicationsCancer cellGene and protein expression
Owner:EISIA R&D MANAGEMENT CO LTD
Novel Trx-beta-glucosidase gene and protein expression, carrier and application thereof
ActiveCN109321551AHigh purityImprove biological activityBacteriaFermentationEscherichia coliPurification methods
The invention relates to a novel Trx-beta-glucosidase gene. The gene is shown as a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO.1 in a sequence table, or a sequence which has more than 90 percent of homology as the nucleotide sequence shown as SEQ ID NO.1 and codes the identical biological functional protein, or a sequence which can be hybridized with the nucleotide sequence shown as SEQ ID NO.1 and codes theidentical biological functional protein. For the nucleotide sequence such as SEQ ID NO.1 in the sequence table, the strain can be expressed by pET32 carriers and escherichia coli; the fusion of expression products and solubilizing factors Trx is realized; a great amount of soluble form of Trx-beta-Glucosidase fusion protein can be obtained; through a simple affinity chromatography purification method, the high-purity and high-activity recombinant Trx-beta-glucosidase can be obtained; the basis is provided for mass industrialized production of beta-glucosidase.
Owner:HUNAN BUTIAN PHARMA
Absolute Quantitation of Protein Contents Based on Exponentially Modified Protein Abundance Index by Mass Spectrometry
InactiveUS20080319676A1Biological testingSpecial data processing applicationsCancer cellWhole cell lysate
The present inventor has established protein abundance index (PAI, π) to determine the protein contents in a protein mixture solution using nanoLC-MSMS data. Digested peptides were analyzed by nanoLC-MS / MS and the obtained results were applied to a Mascot protein identification algorism based on tandem mass spectra. PAI is defined as the number of observed peptides divided by the number of observable peptides per protein. PAI from different concentrations of serum albumin showed linear relationship to the logarithm of the protein concentration. This was also valid for 47 proteins in a mouse whole cell lysate analyzed by single run of nanoLC-MS / MS. On the other hand, Mascot protein scores as well as the number of identified peptides per protein were less correlated to the protein abundance. For absolute quantitation, PAI was converted to exponentially modified PAI (EMPAI, mπ), which is proportional to protein contents in the protein mixture. For the 47 proteins in the whole lysate, the deviation percentages of the EMPAI-based concentrations to the actual values were within 63% in average. EMPAI was successfully applied to comprehensive protein expression analysis and performed a comparison study between gene and protein expression in an HCT116 human cancer cells. Accordingly, the present invention provides a method and a computer program for quantifying the protein contents based on the protein abundance index.
Owner:EISIA R&D MANAGEMENT CO LTD
Application of 3-methoxyl mangiferin in preparing medicine used for treating post-stroke depression
The invention relates to the field of medicine, and discloses a novel application of 3-methoxyl mangiferin in the field of pharmacy, and a medicine composition comprising 3-methoxyl mangiferin. 3-methoxyl mangiferin can promote hippocampus dentate gyrus neuron 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor gene and protein expressions, and can induce neurotrophic effects such as hippocampus remodeling performed by 5-hydroxytryptamine. Therefore, post-stroke hippocampus nerve aregeneratory can be substantially ameliorated, 5-HT re-uptake of nerve presynaptic membrane can be selectively inhibited, 5-HT positive cell expression at hypothalamus can be reduced, exhaustion of 5-HT can be relieved, and anxiety and depression symptoms caused by 5-HT exhaustion can be relieved. Therefore, 3-methoxyl mangiferin can be used in preparing medicines used for treating post-stroke depression.
Owner:KPC PHARM INC
Methods and compositions for enhancing the therapeutic effect of anti-tumor T cells
Compositions, e.g., therapeutic agents, and methods are provided for modulating gene and protein expression of Forkhead Box protein 1 (Foxp1). The therapeutic agents include short nucleic acid molecules that modulate gene and protein expression of Forkhead Box protein 1 (Foxp1) expression, viral vectors containing such molecules, T cells transduced with these viruses for adoptive therapies, and any small molecules that bind to and inactivate Foxp1. These compounds and methods have applications in cancer therapy either alone or in combination with other therapies that stimulate the endogenous immune system in the environment of the cancer, e.g., tumor.
Owner:THE WISTAR INST OF ANATOMY & BIOLOGY
Gene synthesis duck alpha interferon gene and protein expression
InactiveCN101870976AInhibition of lesionsBacteriaMicroorganism based processesDiseaseEscherichia coli
The invention uses the gene synthesis technology to obtain the duck alpha interferon gene and carry out pronucleus expression on interferon protein, belonging to the field of biological pharmacy. The invention comprises the following steps: carrying out codon reformation to the duck alpha interferon gene sequence, and combining the sequence by genes, building the pronucleus expression carrier containing the duck alpha interferon gene; converting escherichia coli by the pronucleus expression carrier containing the duck alpha interferon gene, carrying out induction expression, extracting protein, carrying out denaturation and renaturation, and researching antiviral activity. The interferon obtained by the test can resist the attack of vesicular disease viruses, and the specific activity reaches 5.6*103U / mg. The interferon produced by the method has simple technology, high expression amount and high bioactivity.
Owner:NANJING AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
Methods and Compositions for Enhancing the Therapeutic Effect of Anti-Tumor T Cells
Compositions, e.g., therapeutic agents, and methods are provided for modulating gene and protein expression of Forkhead Box protein 1 (Foxp1). The therapeutic agents include short nucleic acid molecules that modulate gene and protein expression of Forkhead Box protein 1 (Foxp1) expression, viral vectors containing such molecules, T cells transduced with these viruses for adoptive therapies, and any small molecules that bind to and inactivate Foxp1. These compounds and methods have applications in cancer therapy either alone or in combination with other therapies that stimulate the endogenous immune system in the environment of the cancer, e.g., tumor.
Owner:THE WISTAR INST OF ANATOMY & BIOLOGY
Apolygus lucorum vitellogenin and specific peptide chain, vector, strain and application thereof
InactiveCN104711265APredicting Outbreak PotentialBacteriaMicroorganism based processesVitellogeninsWestern blot
The invention discloses a DNA sequence used for encoding apolygus lucorum vitellogenin. The invention further discloses a specific peptide sequence capable of detecting an AlVg protein expression level by using Western-blot, and the expression difference of AlVg in apolygus lucorum on the protein level is analyzed by utilizing the specificity of the polypeptide. The invention further constructs an atlas of age in days after female adult eclosion and AlVg expression trend. The correlation of AlVg genes and protein expression levels in female adults with single female fecundity is investigated after the female adults are continuously bred on a variety of host plants, in order to construct a related prediction model, which has significant importance on prediction of the spawning potential of the apolygus lucorum. a positive correlation relation between the AlVg expression levels of female apolygus lucorum adults and the single female fecundity after eclosion for 7 days is defined. The specific peptide sequence disclosed by the invention can be used for observing and predicting the population dynamics of the apolygus lucorum in fields, and providing a foundation for research and development of new technology for monitoring field populations of the apolygus lucorum.
Owner:JIANGSU ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
Biomarker Panel For Prediction Of Recurrent Colorectal Cancer
InactiveUS20110059464A1Accurate predictionMicrobiological testing/measurementBiological testingLymphatic SpreadBiomarker panel
The present invention provides a biomarker panel predictive of whether colorectal cancer is likely to recur or metastasize in an afflicted patient. By identifying the likelihood of recurrence, a treatment provider may determine in advance those patients who would benefit from certain types of treatment. The present invention further provide methods of identifying gene and protein expression profiles associated with the likelihood of recurrence / metastasis of colorectal cancer in a patient sample.
Owner:NUCLEA BIOMARKERS
Use of p38 inhibitors to reduce expression of dux4
ActiveUS20200332291A1Reduce apoptosisImprove expression levelCompound screeningPowder deliveryDiseaseKinase
The present invention relates to compositions and methods of inhibiting p38 kinase to reduce gene and protein expression of DUX4 and downstream genes regulated by DUX4. The present invention further relates to methods for treating patients suffering from diseases associated with increased expression of DUX4 or expression of an aberrant form of DUX4, such as Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD).
Owner:FULCRUM THERAPEUTICS INC
A kind of recombinant BCG and its application
ActiveCN108949783BImprove defectsConsistent structureAntibacterial agentsBacterial antigen ingredientsEscherichia coliBacterial strain
Owner:FUDAN UNIV
Gene and protein expression profiles associated with the therapeutic efficacy of irinotecan
InactiveUS20090047684A1Microbiological testing/measurementDepsipeptidesIrinotecanProtein expression profile
Owner:NMDX LLC
Recombinant bacillus calmette guerin vaccine, and applications thereof
ActiveCN108949783ADoes not compromise or enhances securityImprove securityAntibacterial agentsBacterial antigen ingredientsBacterial strainTGE VACCINE
The invention belongs to the technical field of gene engineering and tuberculosis vaccine, and provides a recombinant bacillus calmette guerin (BCG) vaccine containing mycobacterium tuberculosis genome RD4 zone related coding genes. According a preparation method, the recombinant bacillus calmette guerin vaccine is produced through transformation of recombinant Escherichia coli-mycobacterium shuttle plasmids containing genes used for coding of mycobacterium tuberculosis genome RD4 zone proteins into bacillus calmette guerin vaccine. The recombinant bacillus calmette guerin vaccine is capable of realizing RD4 zone gene and protein expression. After immunization of animals with the recombinant bacillus calmette guerin vaccine, the safety of recombinant BCG bacterial strain containing complete RD4 zone is not reduced, the safety of recombinant BCG bacterial strain containing a part of RD4 zone (Rv1501-Rv1508c) is increased obviously. The recombinant BCG bacteria strain containing the complete or a part of RD4 zone genes possess better anti-infection protection effects. The recombinant bacillus calmette guerin vaccine can be used in prevention or treatment of tuberculosis.
Owner:FUDAN UNIV
Gene and protein expression properties of adherent stromal cells cultured in 3D
ActiveUS10351910B2Microbiological testing/measurementBiological material analysisStromal cellGene and protein expression
Owner:PLURI BIOTECH LTD
Use of combination of PPARG activator with SIRP alpha-antibody in preparing drugs for immunotherapy of tumors
ActiveCN112138163AIncrease the effect of tumor immunotherapyGrowth inhibitionPackaging vehiclesContainers for machinesAntiendomysial antibodiesPharmaceutical drug
The present invention relates to the field of immunotherapy of tumors and particularly to a use of a combination of a PPARG activator with an SIRP alpha-antibody in preparing drugs for immunotherapy of tumors. The present invention provides the new use of the combination of the PPARG activator with the SIRP alpha-antibody in preparing the drugs for the immunotherapy of the tumors. A large number of experiments prove that the PPARG activator can significantly reduce a level of CD47 protein and inhibit gene and protein expressions of CD47, and can increase an immunotherapy effect of tumors in combination with the SIRP alpha-antibody drug, and the combination can better inhibit growth of the tumors. Compared with a single SIRP alpha-antibody treatment, the combination of the PPARG activator with the SIRP alpha-antibody can remarkably inhibit a growth level of tumors in mice and has obviously higher inhibition than a single use of common antibody drugs. The combination of the PPARG activator with the SIRP alpha-antibody has an obvious effect in immunotherapy of tumors.
Owner:JIANGSU UNIV
Primary isolated culture and induced differentiation method for precursor fat cells in adult yak muscles
ActiveCN113717932AReduce difficultyLower acquisition costsCell dissociation methodsCulture processBiotechnologyGenes proteins
The invention discloses a primary isolated culture and induced differentiation method for precursor fat cells in adult yak muscles. The method comprises the steps of disinfection treatment and segmentation, digestion, screening and filtration, centrifugation, purification and culture. According to the cell culture for the precursor fat cells in the adult yak muscles, provided by the invention, manpower and material resources can be saved, and the limitation of high pollution rate caused by using newborn calf fat tissues and primary cells in a traditional culture method is broken through, so that the source approach of samples is wider, and a large number of cells can be obtained at the same time; and the culture method is a convenient and efficient precursor fat cell culture method, provides a molecular basis for subsequent in-depth research on gene and protein expression, signal channels and the like in proliferation and differentiation process of intramuscular precursor fat cells, provides a new thought and a new method for research on fat deposition, fat metabolism, fat mobilization and the like of different parts, and has an important significance in improving the meat quality of yaks.
Owner:SICHUAN AGRI UNIV
Method of preparing autologous cells and methods of use for therapy
A method for expanding mesenchymal cells derived from autologous bone marrow in autologous culture medium which can be used in a clinical setting, and a business method for performing such expansions in the future as a service for patients. A method for expanding mesenchymal cells derived from autologous bone marrow in autologous culture medium including a diagnostic kit for the autologous cell therapy to determine whether a patient will respond to the autologous cell therapy for treatment of a disease, in which said kit comprising a system for detecting gene and protein expression comprising at least two isolated DNA molecules wherein each isolated DNA molecule detects expression of a gene that is differentially expressed in the tissue of the patient that is intended to be the source of the autologous cell therapy.
Owner:BIOCARDIA
Preparation method and application of grass carp TNF-[alpha] recombinant protein
ActiveCN112851792AHigh purityFully utilizePeptide/protein ingredientsTumor necrosis factorMolecular ImmunologyProtein target
The invention provides a preparation method and application of grass carp TNF-[alpha] recombinant protein, and belongs to the technical field of fish molecular immunology. The target protein TNF-[alpha] is obtained by constructing recombinant plasmids and transferring the recombinant plasmids into an expression strain, using IPTG to induce expression of grass carp TNF-[alpha], optimizing expression conditions and purifying, and further verifying that the prepared TNF-[alpha] recombinant protein has the effect of promoting gene and protein expression of pIgR, so that the immune function of grass carp is enhanced, and the method has good practical application value.
![Preparation method and application of grass carp TNF-[alpha] recombinant protein](https://images-eureka.patsnap.com/patent_img/cceebff9-dda8-4f9d-b214-af18898aad65/HDA0002984883790000011.png "Preparation method and application of grass carp TNF-[alpha] recombinant protein")
![Preparation method and application of grass carp TNF-[alpha] recombinant protein](https://images-eureka.patsnap.com/patent_img/cceebff9-dda8-4f9d-b214-af18898aad65/HDA0002984883790000012.png "Preparation method and application of grass carp TNF-[alpha] recombinant protein")
![Preparation method and application of grass carp TNF-[alpha] recombinant protein](https://images-eureka.patsnap.com/patent_img/cceebff9-dda8-4f9d-b214-af18898aad65/HDA0002984883790000013.png "Preparation method and application of grass carp TNF-[alpha] recombinant protein")
Owner:FRESHWATER FISHERIES RES INST OF SHANDONG PROVINCE
Apparatus for automated fresh tissue sectioning
InactiveUS20050238539A1Improve accuracyIncrease speedAutomatic control devicesAnalysis using chemical indicatorsTissue heatingFresh Tissue
An apparatus for sectioning fresh unfixed tissue into very thin layers with preserved tissue architecture, antigenicity, mRNA content, and amenable to 3-D computer reconstruction. An electro-discharge machine (EDM) to accurately slice tissues through electro-dissociation of the tissue without mechanical or thermal damage. The tissue sample is placed on a holder submerged in a cooling bath comprising a liquid such as saline or water to minimize thermal effects and to provide a sink for dissociated ions. A cutting tool is electrically biased with respect to the tissue sample. A computer controlled EDM machine with x-y-z translation stage slices the tissue as defined by a predetermined program. The liquid in the cooling bath may be cooled to minimize tissue heating during cutting. In a preferred embodiment, the cutting tool may use focused RF energy to produce consecutive thin sections of fresh tissue for immunohistochemical and nucleic acids analyses by electro-dissociation without mechanical or thermal damage, ultimately allowing high-resolution volumetric reconstruction of gene and protein expression patterns of large tissue specimens.
Owner:THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE UNIV OF ARKANSAS
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