The invention provides a guideway joint feature-considered vibration response analysis method for an upright post-spindle system. Firstly, the relationship between a single roller and the bearing capacity is represented based on the Hertz contact theory, and a relational expression between the load and the deformation is established. After that, in the multiple-support excitation and multiple-support response manner, the inherent frequency and the inherent damping of a guideway joint at each order are identified. Then, a kinetic model for the upright post-spindle system is established. Finally, according to the improved harmonic balance method, the vibration response of the upright post-spindle system under the effect of sinusoidal excitation is calculated. According to the technical scheme of the invention, on one hand, the equivalent stiffness of a roller linear guide rail under an arbitrary load is calculated, and the guideway joint is simplified as a system capable of providing the non-linear restoring force. On the other hand, the nonlinear vibration theory-based calculation method is adopted to provide a vibration model for the upright post-spindle system, and the harmonic balance method is improved. Moreover, a response curve is obtained more quickly based on the principle of least square method. The above method provides a solving means for conducting the accuracy research and the optimized design of linear guide rails.