The invention provides a CMP task scheduling method of an improved firefly algorithm. The CMP task scheduling method comprises the following steps: 1, setting the predicted input number N of firefly populations, the light absorption coefficient gamma of a medium, an initial step length factor alpha, the maximum attraction degree beta0 and an attraction degree threshold betaM; 2, initializing the number and positions of firefly populations according to an initialization strategy; 3, calculating the fitness value of the firefly according to the position of the firefly; 4, enabling each firefly to fly to the firefly with the brightness higher than that of the firefly, calculating the fitness value of the firefly after reaching the new position, if the fitness value is superior to the originalposition, the firefly reaches the new position, and otherwise, the firefly stays at the original position; and 5, judging an optimization result, if a termination condition is met, ending an iteration process, otherwise, repeating the operation in the step 3, and iterating the firefly particles again. According to the invention, the convergence speed of the firefly particles is increased, the possibility of falling into a local optimal solution in the optimization process is greatly reduced, the unnecessary iteration frequency is reduced, and the task scheduling completion time is shortened.