The invention relates to a super capacitor-based aging state estimation detection system and method. The super capacitor-based aging state estimation detection system includes a programmable power source, a tested super capacitor, a programmable load, a data storage unit, a data acquisition communication unit, a data operating processing unit and an aging state estimation unit. The detection method includes the following steps that: a required condition is set, and test data are acquired and are subjected to frequency division and noise reduction pre-processing; model parameters are identified according to the model of the super capacitor, and characteristic parameters are calculated; and then, aging state evaluation is performed. Compared with the prior art, the super capacitor-based aging state estimation detection system and method of the invention can detect the aging state of the super capacitor in different stages, and has the advantages of high application universality, high condition targeted performance, accurate aging state judgment, short consumed time of aging detection, high reliability of results and the like.