The invention discloses a path self-adapting device and method for UART serial port expansion. Between the UART main interface and the UART slave expansion interface module, an adaptation logic operation module is added, and the adaptation logic operation module can intelligently measure, distinguish and Execute the occupation and release operation of the UART uplink channel, realize the self-adaptation operation of the independent channel with high switching efficiency, fast speed, short idle time and complete intelligent automation, without affecting the communication speed, convenient for UART serial port expansion, and has a good application prospect.