794 results about "Infectivity" patented technology

The invention relates to the technical field of biology, in particular to a swine transmissible gastroenteritis virus epitope vaccine and a preparation method and application thereof, the amino acid sequence of FliCS.T-TGEV-S fusion protein is shown as SEQ ID NO.3, and the nucleotide sequence of the FliCS.T-TGEV-S fusion protein is shown as SEQ ID NO.4. The fusion protein FliCS.T-TGEV-S prepared by the invention is used as an epitope vaccine based on dominant antigen epitopes of TGEV, and combines advanced means such as immunodominant epitopes, a fusion protein technology and genetic engineering, so that the specificity and the protection effect of the vaccine are enhanced. The vaccine not only can induce high-level antibody response and effectively inhibit TGEV infection, but also has relatively high safety and stability. Compared with a traditional vaccine, the vaccine has remarkable advantages in the aspects of production cost, immune efficacy, protection durability and the like, and a feasible TGE prevention and control scheme is provided for the pig industry.

The invention belongs to the technical field of biology, and particularly relates to a latex duplex immunochromatography test strip for rapidly identifying a porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and a porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and a preparation method of the latex duplex immunochromatography test strip. Soluble TGEV N protein and PEDV N protein with immunogenicity and reactivity are respectively obtained by utilizing a prokaryotic expression system, the soluble TGEV N protein and the soluble PEDV N protein are used as immunogenicity to immunize mice, and specific monoclonal antibodies of the TGEV N protein and the PEDV N protein are respectively obtained by utilizing cell fusion and subcloning screening technologies. The antibody variable region gene sequence is obtained by using a nested PCR amplification technology, and can be subsequently obtained by using a gene engineering or protein engineering method. Then, the latex duplex immunochromatography test strip for detecting TGEV and PEDV, which is convenient, rapid and high in sensitivity, and the preparation method are researched and developed on the basis of specific monoclonal antibodies of TGEV N protein and PEDV N protein.

The invention discloses a chicken infectious anemia virus subunit vaccine, and belongs to the technical field of animal disease vaccines. The invention provides a chicken infectious anemia virus subunit vaccine. Active ingredients of the chicken infectious anemia virus subunit vaccine are recombinant fusion protein of chicken infectious anemia virus VP1 protein B cell epitope and salmonella typhimurium flagellin. The B cell epitope of the chicken infectious anemia virus VP1 protein is obtained by connecting B cell antigen epitopes contained in the chicken infectious anemia virus VP1 protein through a connecting peptide. The salmonella typhimurium flagellin is obtained by deleting a hypervariable region of the salmonella typhimurium flagellin FliC. The fusion expression protein provided by the invention can induce generation of a specific IgG antibody after one-day-old SPF chicken, and after immunization for 28 days, immunized chicken flocks can resist challenge of chicken infectious anemia virus virulent strains, and 70% of challenge chicken flocks are protected without disease attack. The invention has great potential for clinical prevention and control of chicken infectious anemia virus infection.

The present invention relates to a treatment of CCHFV infection, in particular CCFHV infection. Here, the inventors showed that antibody blocking LDL-R family at the surface of human cells could reduce CCHFV infection by 80%, such inhibition only occurred when blocking was performed prior to or at the time of infection though not at later time points. Furthermore, they found that incubation of viral particles with a soluble form of LDL-R could impair CCHFV infection. They found that ApoE antibodies could block CCHFV infectivity by up to 10-fold only when the viral particles were produced in cells that express ApoE. Thus, the present invention relates to an LDL-R family and / or an ApoE inhibitor for use in the prevention and / or the treatment of CCHFV infection in subjects in need thereof.

A system includes a memory that stores instructions; and a processor that executes the instructions. When executed by the processor, the instructions cause the system to: obtain real-time data of potential routes for transporting a patient with an infectious disease within a hospital; apply a prediction model to the real-time data to minimize the potential for spreading the infectious disease while transporting the patient; and suggest a route among the potential routes with a minimized potential for spreading the infectious disease.

Novel antibiotics are needed to combat the antibiotic-resistance crisis. Presented herein are machine learning-based approaches for predicting antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) within the global microbiome and leverage a vast dataset that can include metagenomes and prokaryotic genomes from environmental and host-associated habitats to create a comprehensive catalog comprising distinct, non-redundant peptides, the majority of which are novel. This platform provides insights into the evolutionary origins of peptides, including by duplication or gene truncation of longer sequences. To validate predictions, 100 AMPs were synthesized and tested against clinically relevant drug-resistant pathogens and human gut commensals, both in vitro and in vivo. Many of the synthesized peptides were active, with a large number of them targeting pathogens. The presently described computational approach can identify millions of prokaryotic AMP sequences, opening new avenues for antibiotic discovery.

Provided is a method for using a multi-epitope antigen to construct an RNA vaccine for feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV). The method relates to an isolated nucleic acid molecule. The nucleic acid molecule comprises: at least one of a first nucleic acid fragment, a second nucleic acid fragment, a third nucleic acid fragment, a fourth nucleic acid fragment and a fifth nucleic acid fragment, wherein the first nucleic acid fragment is derived from the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the N protein of the FIPV strain QS, the second nucleic acid fragment is derived from the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the N protein from the FIPV strain QS, the third nucleic acid fragment encodes the NSP12 protein of the FIPV strain QS, the fourth nucleic acid fragment is derived from the epitope HR2_4 of the S protein of the FIPV strain 79-1146, the fifth nucleic acid fragment is derived from the epitope HR2_11 of the S protein of the FIPV strain 79-1146, and the nucleic acid molecule is RNA.

The invention relates to the technical field of mRNA vaccines, and discloses a feline infectious peritonitis mRNA vaccine as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The feline infectious peritonitis mRNA vaccine comprises mRNA molecules; the mRNA molecule comprises an FIBV-S protein coding sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 6. According to the invention, the mRNA sequence for coding the natural FIBV-S protein is modified, so that the FIBV-S protein obtained by translation can be stably maintained at the prefusion conformation and has higher immunogenicity, thereby endowing the mRNA vaccine with a better immune effect and being beneficial to the prevention of feline infectious peritonitis.

The present invention relates to the field of veterinary vaccines, and discloses the development and application of a subunit vaccine for porcine contagious pleuropneumonia. The TbpB-C truncated protein and the AdhE whole protein selected in the antigen protein combination of the vaccine of the present invention are highly homologous in all APP serotypes, and are prepared into subunit vaccines that can provide cross protection to porcine actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae of different serotypes, and the protection rates against APP1 type and APP3 type strains are both 100%. The truncated proteins selected in the antigen protein combination of the present invention are successfully expressed in a soluble form after optimization, and are easy to express and purify in large quantities, thereby reducing production costs. The present invention lays a foundation for the development of an efficient, low-cost, broad-spectrum subunit vaccine for porcine contagious pleuropneumonia, and provides an effective technical means for the prevention and treatment of the disease.

The utility model relates to the field of antigen detection kits, and discloses an infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus antigen detection kit which comprises a box body, a roller is rotatably connected to the bottom side in the box body, a clamping groove is formed in the upper side of the roller, a clamping pin is connected to the clamping groove in a clamping mode, and a placing table is fixedly connected to the upper side of the clamping pin. A plurality of swab placing grooves, an extraction tube placing groove and a detection card placing groove are respectively formed in the upper side of the placing table, the plurality of swab placing grooves, the extraction tube placing groove and the detection card placing groove are distributed in a circumferential array, and sampling swabs are arranged on the inner sides of the plurality of swab placing grooves; according to the utility model, a plurality of groups of sampling swabs, sample extraction tubes and antigen detection cards which are distributed in a circumferential array manner are placed on the placement table, so that when sampling personnel go to cattle for sampling one by one, the sampling personnel can rotate to detection materials such as the next group of antigen detection cards and the like only by pressing down the push rod and switching the angle of the placement table, and the operation is convenient and the use is simple.

The invention provides a method for detecting a virus inactivation effect by an ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) method, which comprises the following steps: acquiring a to-be-detected inactivated virus sample, extracting an antigen component from the sample, and detecting an antigen structure change characteristic value through a high-throughput mass spectrometry analysis technology to obtain antigen degradation degree data; obtaining a sample subjected to preliminary inactivation, and detecting the antigen content change trend through an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to obtain content change curve data; detecting the residual quantity of viral nucleic acid by a real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) technology aiming at the immunogenicity retained sample to obtain nucleic acid degradation degree data; acquiring nucleic acid degradation degree data, classifying the relationship between nucleic acid residues and infectivity by adopting a support vector machine algorithm, and judging that the inactivation effect is completely completed if the classification result shows that the infectivity is lost; according to the antigen content change trend, the immunogenicity index and the nucleic acid degradation degree data, a weighted fusion algorithm is adopted to integrate multi-dimensional detection results, and a comprehensive inactivation effect score is obtained.

The invention discloses chicken infectious anemia virus-like particles as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The invention discloses a virus-like particle vaccine for preventing chicken infectious anemia. The virus-like particle vaccine comprises VP1 and VP2 proteins of chicken infectious anemia viruses. Chicken infectious anemia VP1 and VP2 proteins are expressed by using a baculovirus expression system, immunoblotting shows that the two proteins are successfully expressed in sf9 cells, electron microscope observation finds that the expressed proteins can be autonomously assembled into complete chicken infectious anemia virus-like particles, and the chicken infectious anemia virus-like particles have a space structure similar to that of an original virus and can be used for preparing chicken infectious anemia virus-like particles. Meanwhile, the virus-like particles have the advantages of high titer, high safety, capability of stimulating humoral immunity and cellular immunity and the like. The preparation method disclosed by the invention is simple, can be used for preparing the antigen protein of the chicken infectious anemia virus on a large scale, is high in expression quantity and short in time consumption, greatly reduces the production cost, and is suitable for large-scale production.

A sensor comprising one or more metal oxides as sensor material is used to detect pathogen-derived VOCs, such as those released from an infected wound. The metal oxides can comprise one or more metal elements selected from aluminum, antimony, bismuth, boron, cerium, chromium, cobalt, copper, gold, indium, iridium, iron, lanthanum, lead, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, osmium, palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, selenium, silicon, silver, tantalum, tellurium, terbium, tin, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, ytterbium, yttrium, zinc, and zirconium. The sensor device can have one or more sensors that detect and record various VOCs indicative of the presence of pathogens, which are associated with mortality and / or infection.

The invention relates to the technical field of bioengineering, and particularly discloses a chicken infectious anemia virus, a chicken infectious anemia virus egg yolk antibody and a preparation method and application thereof. The invention relates to a chicken infectious anemia virus, which is preserved in the China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center (CGMCC), and is named as the chicken infectious anemia virus RD240101A, the preservation date is September 23, 2024, and the preservation number is CGMCC NO.46198. The chicken infectious anemia virus has the advantages that the chicken infectious anemia virus is named as the chicken infectious anemia virus RD240101A; the chicken infectious anemia virus egg yolk antibody is prepared by taking an inactivated vaccine prepared from the chicken infectious anemia virus RD240101A as an immunogen, is high in specificity and good in safety, does not have any local or whole-body adverse reaction caused by injection of the antibody after being inoculated to chicks, can provide effective immune protection for chicken flocks, and can be used for preparing the chicken infectious anemia virus egg yolk antibody. And the method has a good commercial development prospect.

The invention belongs to the field of veterinary drugs, and relates to an avian infectious bronchitis virus antigen recombinant protein S-Trimer and a subunit vaccine thereof. The invention provides an avian infectious bronchitis virus antigen recombinant protein S-Trimer. The amino acid sequence of the antigen recombinant protein S-Trimer is as shown in SEQ ID No. 4. The invention provides an infectious bronchitis virus antigen. The infectious bronchitis virus antigen is of a trimer structure of the recombinant protein S-Trimer. The invention provides a chicken infectious bronchitis virus subunit vaccine. The subunit vaccine comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and an immune dose of the chicken infectious bronchitis virus antigen. The vaccine is high in safety, good in immunogenicity and stable in batches, and can provide complete protection for attacking the infectious bronchitis virus.

The invention discloses a D / Yama2019 genetic evolution pedigree influenza delta virus reverse genetic operating system. According to the invention, DNA fragments corresponding to segments of PB2, PB1, P3, HEF, NP, M and NS of a full-length genome of D / JY3002 are amplified by using seven pairs of designed primers, the DNA fragments are seamlessly cloned to a pHW2000 vector and a pCC1-DualPro vector to construct plasmids, the plasmids are co-transfected to a cell line, and the artificially rescued D / Yama2019 genetic evolution pedigree influenza delta virus rD / JY3002 is obtained; the genomic sequence of the rD / JY3002 is completely consistent with the genomic sequence of a naturally separated strain D / JY3002, the infection ability is equivalent, and the rD / JY3002 can be stably subcultured for at least five generations. According to the present invention, the constructed unidirectional expression plasmid pPolI-D / JY3002-PB1-240-GFP-240 is adopted to obtain the artificially rescued recombinant influenza delta virus rD / JY3002-GFP carrying the green fluorescence reporter gene, and after the host cell is infected, the GFP expression quantity is high and stable; the invention establishes an efficient and stable D / Yama2019 genetic evolution pedigree influenza delta virus reverse genetic operating system which can be used for developing an influenza delta virus vector presenting exogenous gene.

The invention discloses an antigen fusion protein and application thereof in preparation of a live vaccine for preventing infectious bursal disease. Specifically disclosed are antigen fusion proteins comprising a VP2 protein, a trimer tag, and a C3d protein. The invention also discloses recombinant Eimeria heap constructed by using the antigen fusion protein and application of the recombinant Eimeria heap in preparation of IBDV live vaccines. The oocyst of the recombinant Eimeria heap can effectively induce humoral immune response aiming at IBDV as a vaccine active ingredient, the level of an induced antibody is obviously higher than that of an insect strain expressed by a single VP2 antigen, viruses can be more effectively neutralized, the immune protection efficacy is improved, the safety is high, and the oocyst has the potential of serving as a live vector genetic engineering vaccine. The IBDV live vaccine can be orally taken through drinking water or feed, vaccination is simple, large-scale immunization of chicken flocks can be achieved, and the IBDV live vaccine is economical and efficient and has a wide prospect of being applied to prevention and control of the IBDV of the chicken flocks.

The invention provides a chicken infectious laryngotracheitis subunit vaccine and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of vaccine preparation. The chicken infectious laryngotracheitis subunit vaccine provided by the invention is prepared from chicken infectious laryngotracheitis virus gB-A463P protein coded by a gB-A463P gene of which the 463th alanine of an optimized chicken infectious laryngotracheitis gB gene is further mutated into proline, and the amino acid sequence of the gB-A463P protein is shown as SEQ ID NO: 5. The subunit vaccine is prepared by adopting a genetic engineering means, only contains part of antigens of the ILTV and does not contain genetic materials, so that the risks of toxin expelling and toxin dispersing do not exist, and the safety can be effectively improved.

The invention discloses a group of shark nano antibodies targeting infectious subcutaneous and hematopoietic necrosis viruses of prawns and a preparation method of the shark nano antibodies. The amino acid sequence of the nano antibodies is any one amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO.8-14, and the nano antibodies can be used for detecting cp, nsp1 and nsp2 antigen proteins of the infectious subcutaneous and hematopoietic necrosis viruses. The preparation or screening method of the nano antibody comprises the following steps: A, expression and purification of cp, nsp1 and nsp2 antigen proteins; b, constructing a shark natural library and / or a shark immune library; c, assisting in phage rescue, and purifying to obtain a phage library; d, panning a phage library of anti-cp, anti-nsp1 and anti-nsp2 antigen proteins; and E, carrying out phage-ELISA identification and sequencing, and carrying out sequence comparison on the cp nano antibody, the nsp1 nano antibody and the nsp2 nano antibody with different CDR3 region sequences. The nano antibody provided by the invention can specifically recognize infectious subcutaneous and hematopoietic necrosis viruses, can detect whether aquaculture animals and aquaculture feeds in aquaculture water are polluted by viruses or not, and realizes rapid detection.

The bacillus velezensis MY-8 disclosed by the invention has obvious broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, and has an obvious inhibition effect on various plant pathogenic bacteria including cabbage alternaria alternata, rhizopus arrhizus, cladosporium very fine, fusarium tripteroides, alternaria alternata, Columbia cladosporium, botryosphaeria dothidea, fusarium oxysporum, geotrichum candidum, colletotrichum gloeosporioides and A. arundinis, and the bacillus velezensis MY-8 has an obvious inhibition effect on various plant pathogenic bacteria such as bacillus velezensis MY-8. The compound has a remarkable control effect on downy mildew, is expected to be prepared into a microbial preparation for biological control, and can be used as a biopesticide, a bio-fertilizer, a plant growth promoter and the like. The bacillus velezensis MY-8 disclosed by the invention can also express a structural domain containing protein of DUF4393, so that the bacillus velezensis MY-8 has potential bacteriophage infection resistance.

The invention discloses application of N4-hydroxycytidine and a derivative thereof in preparation of a medicine for treating cat abdominal infection. The test result shows that the N4-hydroxycytidine and the derivative thereof have a very small toxic effect on normal cat cells, have an obvious inhibiting effect on cat coronavirus (FCoV), and can obviously reduce the virus titer of the virus in the cells. Therefore, the N4-hydroxycytidine and the derivative thereof can be used for preparing a feline coronavirus inhibitor for treating feline infectious peritonitis, and are good in curative effect and high in safety.

The present disclosure provides recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) virions with altered capsid protein, where the recombinant AAV (rAAV) virions exhibit greater ability to cross barriers between intravitreal fluid and retinal cells, and thus greater infectivity of a retinal cell compared to wild-type AAV, and where the rAAV virions comprise a heterologous nucleic acid. The present disclosure provides methods of delivering a gene product to a retinal cell in an individual.

[00121] The present invention relates to a label-free, high throughput method for determining an infectious virus titer in an aqueous sample comprising infectious virus, wherein the method comprises detecting the kinetics of morphological cell alteration, such as cell rounding, following viral infection, determining a parameter defining the curve of the morphological cell alteration as a function of time post infection and determining the infectious virus titer based on a standard curve of the infectious virus at a known infectious titer.

A compound represented by chemical formula 1, a salt, a stereoisomer, a solvent or a hydrate thereof, an antibacterial composition including the compound, and uses thereof are disclosed. The antibacterial composition is suitable for inhibiting bacterial infections, preventing, alleviating or treating bacterial infectious disease, and for preventing, alleviating or treating inflammation caused by a bacterial infection. The compound specifically binds to p62 protein so as to activate p62, thereby increasing the activity of autophagy, which is inhibited by a bacterial infection, and thus has antibacterial activity against various bacteria, can inhibit bacterial infectivity and has the excellent effect of enabling prevention, alleviation or treatment of bacterial infectious disease and inflammation caused by an infection.

The invention relates to the technical field of biological detection, relates to a multiple ddPCR detection method for porcine intestinal coronavirus, and in particular relates to a monitoring and quantitative detection method for samples with relatively low porcine intestinal coronavirus content or complex matrix, such as feeds, animal tissues and animal-derived products. The droplet digital PCR detection method for the porcine intestinal coronavirus established in the invention has the advantages of strong specificity, high sensitivity, good repeatability and strong anti-interference capability, can be used for absolute quantification of the copy concentration of the porcine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), the porcine delta coronavirus (PDCoV) and the porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) in an actual sample, and can be used for the detection of the porcine intestinal coronavirus. The invention provides a novel and reliable technical method for trace early warning and monitoring of early-stage infection of four porcine intestinal coronavirus, differential diagnosis of other common viruses, research of propagation rules of the viruses, epidemiological risk assessment and other systematic applications.

The invention provides application of thalictriine in preparation of antiviral drugs, and belongs to the technical field of antiviral drugs. The invention proves that the thalictriine has an inhibition effect on various common infectious disease viruses of domestic pigs from a cellular level, and particularly has a remarkable inhibition effect on proliferation of African swine fever virus (ASFV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in vitro. The invention also discloses an antiviral composition consisting of the active ingredient thalictriine or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and / or excipient, and discloses an application of the composition in preparation of a virus infection inhibitor and / or a pharmaceutical preparation for preventing and / or treating virus infectious diseases. And a basis is provided for developing novel broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.

The invention discloses a multiplex fluorescent quantitative PCR (polymerase chain reaction) detection kit for prawn culture pathogenic bacteria, which is characterized in that the kit contains primers and probes for detecting the prawn culture pathogenic bacteria, wherein the primers and the probes are respectively used for detecting TDH-related hemolsin genes of vibrio parahaemolyticus, ORF107 genes of white spot syndrome viruses, small subunit ribosomal genes of shrimp enterocytozoon hepatopenaei, 37 kDa coat protein genes of infectious subcutaneous and hematopoietic necrosis viruses, DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) primer genes of full-eye iridovirus 1 and PirA [pi] genes of pathogens of bacterial prawns acute hepatopancreas necrosis; the method has the advantage that the detection of eight prawn culture pathogens can be realized at the same time. The method comprises the following steps of: obtaining a tcdB gene of a high-pathogenicity vibrio and a hemolsin gene of a vibrio harveyi;

The present invention relates to the technical field of disinfection for medical hyperbaric oxygen chambers. Disclosed is a sterilization and disinfection apparatus for a medical hyperbaric oxygen chamber. According to the present invention, a fixing plate is fixedly connected to a side of a fixing frame close to a fixing mechanism. A mounting plate is fixedly connected to a side of the fixing plate away from the fixing mechanism. Two sides of the mounting plate away from the fixing plate are fixedly connected to two ends of a disinfection lamp, respectively. A disinfection cylinder body is fixed to an air inlet end of an oxygen exhaust pipeline of the hyperbaric oxygen chamber. The disinfection lamp disinfects the gas flowing inside the pipeline, thereby effectively disinfecting and sterilizing the gas exhaled by patients in the hyperbaric oxygen chamber, which is then discharged into the atmosphere outside the chamber through the oxygen exhaust pipeline, avoiding the formation of a new virus source. The apparatus is designed to disinfect dedicated oxygen chambers for individuals infected with infectious viruses, avoiding the formation of a major viral contamination source, and preventing gas containing pathogens exhaled by patients from circulating inside the oxygen exhaust pipeline, thereby avoiding contamination of the pipelines inside the oxygen chamber.

The invention belongs to the technical field of medicines, and provides a compound for inhibiting virus replication and application of the compound in preparation of a medicine for resisting feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV). The number of the compounds provided by the invention is 10, and the 10 compounds have obvious inhibiting and blocking effects on a 1-bit ribosome frameshift process of the FIPV, and can effectively inhibit the replication and proliferation of the FIPV. The ten compounds can be used for treating and preventing feline infectious peritonitis diseases caused by FIPV infection; the compound disclosed by the invention can be used for preparing anti-FIPV medicines and medicines for treating and preventing feline infectious peritonitis diseases caused by FIPV infection, and has a wide application prospect.

The invention provides application of magnoline in preparation of antiviral drugs, and belongs to the technical field of antiviral drugs. It is proved from the cellular level that magnoline has the inhibiting effect on various common infectious disease viruses of domestic pigs, and particularly has the remarkable inhibiting effect on proliferation of African swine fever virus (ASFV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine circovirus type 2 virus (PCV2) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in vitro. The invention also discloses an antiviral composition consisting of the active component magnoline or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and / or excipient, and discloses application of the composition in preparation of a virus infection inhibitor and / or a pharmaceutical preparation for preventing and / or treating virus infectious diseases. And a basis is provided for developing novel broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.