The invention provides an in-situ preserving coring system and method, and belongs to the field of in-situ mechanical research of rock masses. The coring system comprises a coring drilling tool and rock core preserving equipment, the coring drilling tool comprises a drill bit and a drilling tool body connected with the drill bit, a pressure testing device is arranged on the portion, close to the drill bit, of the side wall of one end of the drilling tool body, and a temperature testing device and a humidity testing device are arranged above the pressure testing device; the rock core preserving equipment comprises an equipment body, a core storage tube capable of freely sliding in the equipment body in the axial direction is arranged in the equipment body, the core storage tube is a hollow cavity and is used for storing rock cores subjected to drilling, the outer wall of the equipment body is provided with a pressure preserving device, a heat preserving device and a humidity preserving device which are connected with the core storage tube respectively, and a ball valve connected with the front end of the equipment body is further included. The ball valve is switched on, rock core drilling is conducted, the drilled rock cores gradually enter the core storage tube along with drilling of the coring drilling tool, after rock core drilling is completed, the ball valve is switched off, and the drilled rock cores are stored in the sealed core storage tube. The in-situ preserving coring system and method are suitable for mechanical property research of the rock masses.