The invention relates to an optical system for a microcell spatial coherent pattern and an operating method thereof. The system comprises a microscope (2), a first total reflective mirror (3), a first lens (4), a double-slit unit (5), a first double-slit interference imaging lens (7), and a second total reflective mirror (9) that are arranged successively along an optical path. In addition, the system also includes an imaging lens (11), a third total reflective mirror (13), a second double-slit interference imaging lens (14), and a charge coupling device (16) that are arranged successively along the reflective optical path of the second total reflective mirror (9). The double-slit unit, the first double-slit interference imaging lens, the second total reflective mirror, the imaging lens, and the second double-slit interference imaging lens are movable elements. Different optical paths are formed by arranging or removing all movable elements at the optical path. In addition, the invention also provides an operating method of the system. With the method and system, with collection of the interference pattern, the spatial coherence and the coherent area of the light source under the micro-nano scale are measured, so that defects of the existing optical microscope system are overcome.