An electrolytic bath reaction chamber used for in-situ XRD tests and a testing method are provided. The electrolytic bath reaction chamber includes a working electrode cover, a counter electrode base and an optional pedestal fixing the counter electrode base in order from top to bottom. The working electrode cover and the counter electrode base are sealed and connected in an insulating manner. The working electrode cover includes a cover body, a testing window and an optional first electric conductor. The counter electrode base includes a base body, a sliding block, a mobile device and an optional second electric conductor. The mobile device is connected to the sliding block and is used for moving the sliding block to allow the sliding block to be adjacent to the testing window. The electrolytic bath reaction chamber when being used for in-situ XRD tests has advantages of a simple and rapid working electrode preparing method, capability of continuous testing on one electrode sheet, few components, convenient assembling, a compact structure, a small size, good equipment universality and capability of being repeatedly used, and has characteristics of a high signal-to-noise ratio, a small off-axis error and no impurity-phase peak interference of obtained spectrums, uniform electric current density of the working electrode, accurate potential testing, high capacity retention rates in long circulation, and the like.