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23 results about "Surface stress" patented technology

Surface stress was first defined by Josiah Willard Gibbs (1839-1903) as the amount of the reversible work per unit area needed to elastically stretch a pre-existing surface. A suggestion is surface stress define as association with the amount of the reversible work per unit area needed to elastically stretch a pre-existing surface instead of up definition. A similar term called “surface free energy”, which represents the excess free energy per unit area needed to create a new surface, is easily confused with “surface stress”. Although surface stress and surface free energy of liquid–gas or liquid–liquid interface are the same, they are very different in solid–gas or solid–solid interface, which will be discussed in details later. Since both terms represent a force per unit length, they have been referred to as “surface tension”, which contributes further to the confusion in the literature.

High-strength conductive glass and preparation method thereof

The invention discloses high-strength conductive glass and a preparation method thereof, the conductive glass comprises: a glass substrate having a first surface and a second surface opposite to each other, the glass substrate being a glass substrate subjected to strengthening treatment and plasma pretreatment, the surface stress of the glass substrate being not less than 30.0 MPa, the strengthening treatment being chemical strengthening treatment or thermal strengthening treatment; the interface layer is stacked on the first surface or the second surface of the glass substrate; the conductive function layer is stacked on the interface layer, and the sheet resistance of the conductive function layer is not higher than 10.0 omega / sq; the interface layer comprises or does not comprise an antireflection layer of a single-layer or multi-layer structure, and if the interface layer comprises the antireflection layer, the interface layer is arranged on the surface, opposite to the interface layer, of the glass substrate in a stacked mode.
Owner:CHANGZHOU ALMADEN

A method for predicting surface stress distribution in a three-dimensional dynamic storage capacitor

This invention provides a method for predicting the surface stress distribution of a three-dimensional dynamic storage capacitor, comprising: establishing a TCAD process simulation program according to the manufacturing process of the three-dimensional dynamic storage capacitor to obtain the three-dimensional simulation structure of the capacitor; performing stress simulation on each step of the manufacturing process based on the three-dimensional simulation structure of the capacitor, so that the stress in the structure is rebalanced after each step of the process is completed; obtaining stress distribution maps under different parameter combinations by changing the structural parameters, material parameters, and process parameters of the device; obtaining a dataset based on the stress distribution maps under different parameter combinations; dividing the dataset into a training set and a test set, and training it using a neural network to obtain a trained prediction network; and using the trained prediction network to predict the stress distribution of each layer under different input parameters. This invention can efficiently predict the surface stress distribution of 3D capacitors, significantly improve the performance of 3D capacitors, and is beneficial for optimizing device design and improving device stability.
Owner:SHANGHAI JIAOTONG UNIV +1

Surface treatment method of titanium roller for copper foil

The invention relates to the technical field of titanium alloy surface treatment, and discloses a surface treatment method of a titanium roller for copper foil, which comprises the following steps: placing the titanium roller in a treatment chamber; introducing a process gas containing an inert gas and a reactive gas; a plasma generation system is started to excite process gas into plasma, and material removal is conducted on the surface of the titanium roller in a physical bombardment and chemical etching synergistic effect mode; meanwhile, the titanium roller is driven to rotate around the axis of the titanium roller and reciprocate in the axial direction, and uniform treatment on the whole surface is achieved. Non-contact plasma treatment is adopted, so that surface stress, microcracks and thermal damage caused by machining are avoided; through the rotation and axial compound motion of the titanium roller, the high uniformity of treatment is ensured; and surface grinding and in-situ modification are integrated into a single process, so that the surface roughness with nanoscale precision can be obtained, meanwhile, a compact oxide protection layer can be generated, and the treatment precision, the surface quality and the production efficiency are remarkably improved.
Owner:ZHONGCHENG CAIHONG TECHNOLOGY (JIANGSU) CO LTD

Concrete member apparent defect evaluation method and system

PendingCN121656548AImage enhancementImage analysisAnalytic modelSurface stress
The invention provides a concrete member apparent defect assessment method and system, and the method comprises the following steps: obtaining the three-dimensional point cloud, environmental erosion and characterization stress distribution data of the surface of a concrete member, calculating the defect area based on the three-dimensional point cloud data, taking the ratio of the defect area to the member area as a geometric factor, and calculating the apparent defect of the concrete member based on the environmental erosion data. Calculating a predicted erosion rate through a time sequence prediction model, taking a ratio of the predicted erosion rate to a standard erosion rate as an environmental factor, and taking a ratio of actually measured stress to surface stress obtained by the prediction analysis model as a mechanical factor based on characterization stress distribution data; and carrying out weighted fusion on the geometric factors, the environmental factors and the mechanical factors by adopting a dynamic adjustable mode to generate a comprehensive defect index, inputting the comprehensive defect index into the defect evaluation model, and outputting the severity level of the apparent defect. According to the method, automatic evaluation of the concrete member is realized, and the objectivity and scientificity of evaluation are improved.
Owner:SHANGHAI CONSTRUCTION GROUP CO LTD

Face gear micro-texture geometric parameter calculation method and system

The invention discloses a face gear micro-texture geometric parameter calculation method and system.The face gear micro-texture geometric parameter calculation method comprises the steps that a plurality of first pit micro-texture geometric models are constructed on the basis of contact characteristic parameters, rough surface elastic-plastic contact analysis is conducted on the basis of a contact oval area, first contact pressure and first total friction force, and a plurality of second pit micro-texture geometric models are constructed on the basis of second contact pressure; obtaining a first surface stress field of each first pit micro-texture geometric model; calculating a first stress concentration coefficient of each first pit micro-texture geometric model; calculating a first film thickness ratio of each first pit micro-texture geometric model based on the rough surface topography parameter and the first oil film thickness; and on the basis of the first film thickness ratio, the first stress concentration coefficient and the first friction coefficient corresponding to each first pit micro-texture geometric model, the optimal pit micro-texture geometric model is determined through the preset screening condition, the lubricating performance of the surface of the friction pair is improved, friction wear is reduced, and the service life of the face gear pair is prolonged.
Owner:CENT SOUTH UNIV

Simulation method of abrasive jet machining of particle reinforced composites based on discrete element method

The present invention discloses a method for simulating abrasive jet machining of particle-reinforced composite materials based on a discrete element method, comprising: obtaining machining process simulation parameters according to an actual machining system; establishing a geometric model of an abrasive jet and a composite material at a millimeter scale, dividing a structured grid based on the finite element method to perform macroscopic mechanical simulation calculations of the abrasive jet and the plate, and obtaining the stress and dynamic pressure distribution on the surface of the composite material; establishing a geometric model of the composite material particle phase and matrix phase at a micrometer scale, dividing an unstructured grid based on the finite element method, and setting the material parameters of the particle phase and matrix phase, applying the surface stress and dynamic pressure distribution results of the material in the millimeter-scale simulation calculation as pressure boundary conditions to the upper surface of the matrix phase geometric model in the micrometer-scale model, and performing continuous simulation calculations. The present invention provides guidance for abrasive jet machining of particle-reinforced composite materials, reduces trial and error costs, and improves the efficiency of abrasive jet machining of particle-reinforced composite materials.
Owner:BEIJING SATELLITE MFG FACTORY

Intelligent casting method and system based on multi-dimensional parameter detection

The present application relates to the technical field of metal casting, and particularly relates to an intelligent casting method and system based on multi-dimensional parameter detection, which comprises the following steps: monitoring the content of raw material elements at multiple points in a molten pool in real time, obtaining a composition uniformity index by calculating the ratio of the content standard deviation to an adaptively updated standard deviation threshold, and combining the raw material element deviation rate to determine whether to perform compensation; determining a flow stability index by monitoring the flow rate of a direct sprue, a cross sprue and an inner gate, and adjusting the pouring speed and pressure in coordination accordingly; and calculating a stress gradient based on the real-time collected multi-point surface stress values, and dynamically adjusting the cooling waterway to eliminate stress concentration. The present application realizes closed-loop intelligent control of multiple key parameters in the whole casting process, effectively improves the composition uniformity, flow stability and suppresses the cooling stress of the castings, thereby significantly improving the stability of the casting quality and the yield.
Owner:FUXIN LIDA STEEL CASTING

Active control and collaborative support construction method for inclined shaft open channel-hidden tunnel junction section

PendingCN121976807Aprevent collapseCurbing roof-fall accidentsMining devicesUnderground chambersRebarPipe
The invention discloses an active control and collaborative support construction method for an inclined shaft open channel-hidden tunnel junction section, and belongs to the technical field of mine and tunnel engineering construction. The method sequentially comprises the following steps that guniting protection is conducted on an open channel excavation upward slope, and a surface stress closed shell is formed; an advanced pipe shed is constructed on the arch portion of the hidden tunnel, grouting is conducted, and a deep pressure-bearing arch and a composite stress shell are formed; mechanical excavation is conducted under protection of the composite pre-supporting system, and a U-shaped steel retractable support is immediately erected to serve as a temporary support; a reinforced concrete permanent well wall is constructed on the inner side of the temporary support; and finally, wall back grouting backfilling reinforcement is carried out, and a full-ring closed three-dimensional waterproof and drainage system is formed. The core of the method lies in that a linked active control and collaborative supporting system is constructed, and the industrial problems that surrounding rock of the light and shade junction section is poor in stability and prone to collapse and water seepage are effectively solved through temporary and permanent supporting conversion combining composite pre-supporting, yielding and pressure resistance and three-dimensional water prevention; and the construction safety and the engineering quality are obviously improved.
Owner:ZHENGZHOU LVZHI ENGINEERING DESIGN CO LTD +2

A three-dimensional five-surface stress loading device based on a caustics test system and a test method thereof

ActiveCN116660042BSurface stressClassical mechanics
This invention discloses a triaxial five-dimensional stress loading device based on a caustic testing system for loading specimens. The device includes: a main frame located on the outside of the specimen, with a side plate installed on one side to clamp the specimen in conjunction with the main frame; a hydraulic loading system detachably mounted on the inner wall of the main frame via a connecting plate, used to clamp the specimen around its perimeter and provide power for clamping one end face of the specimen via an axial push plate; the drive end of the hydraulic loading system is equipped with a force-transmitting push plate for pressing the side of the specimen; and a double-arm clamp installed on one side of the side plate, with its two arms located at both ends of the specimen for pre-clamping the two end faces of the specimen. This invention, through this loading device, not only addresses the shortcomings of insufficient confining pressure in ordinary tests but also better simulates the stress state of the original rock underground, obtaining the evolution process of the burst crack tip under real underground stress, and thus analyzing the burst crack propagation law under triaxial five-dimensional stress.
Owner:KUNMING UNIV OF SCI & TECH

A method and system for calculating micro-texture geometric parameters of face gears

The application discloses a face gear micro-texture geometric parameter calculation method and system, the face gear micro-texture geometric parameter calculation method comprises the following steps: constructing a plurality of first pit micro-texture geometric models based on contact characteristic parameters; performing rough surface elastic-plastic contact analysis based on a contact ellipse area, a first contact pressure and a first total friction force, to obtain a first surface stress field of each first pit micro-texture geometric model; calculating a first stress concentration coefficient of each first pit micro-texture geometric model; calculating a first film thickness ratio of each first pit micro-texture geometric model based on rough surface topography parameters and a first oil film thickness; and determining an optimal pit micro-texture geometric model through a preset screening condition based on the first film thickness ratio, the first stress concentration coefficient and a first friction coefficient corresponding to each first pit micro-texture geometric model, so that the lubrication performance of a friction pair surface is improved, friction and wear are reduced, and the service life of a face gear pair is prolonged.
Owner:CENT SOUTH UNIV

Automatic cleaning equipment and method for surface of photo frame material

The invention relates to the technical field of cleaning, and discloses a photo frame material surface automatic cleaning device and method.The photo frame material surface automatic cleaning device comprises a roller conveyor and a cold air cleaning structure installed at the front end of the roller conveyor, the surface temperature of a photo frame solid wood material is reduced through cold air, water vapor is condensed on the cold air, and a condensate water film neutralizes electrostatic charges between wood and dust; and the weight of dust particles is increased, and the dust particles are mutually bonded into clusters and are matched with gas cleaning. Through a low-temperature induced instantaneous micro-condensation mechanism, static electricity is neutralized, dust is agglomerated, dust bolts are formed, thorough stripping of deep dust on the surface of the wood and in micropores is achieved in cooperation with bidirectional high-pressure airflow, and the problems that the surface is clean and deep residues exist in a traditional cleaning method are solved; meanwhile, microcosmic burrs are passivated through micro swelling and a recovery effect, surface stress is pre-released, surface tension and pore wetting balance are unified, the surface smoothness of the wood is improved, an ideal interface is created for subsequent degreasing and paint spraying, and coating defects are reduced.
Owner:QINGDAO SHOUSHENG IND

Building wall reinforcing mechanism capable of adjusting angle and enhancing transverse support

The invention discloses a building wall reinforcing mechanism capable of adjusting angle and enhancing transverse support, which comprises a first U-shaped frame, a second U-shaped frame is rotatably mounted at one end of the first U-shaped frame, and the first U-shaped frame and the second U-shaped frame are designed to rotate relatively; a frame opening is reserved between the first U-shaped frame and the second U-shaped frame, a jacking and supporting mechanism is rotationally installed between the first U-shaped frame and the second U-shaped frame, and the jacking ends of the jacking and supporting mechanism are rotationally installed at one end of the inner side of the first U-shaped frame and one end of the inner side of the second U-shaped frame respectively. Through the design of the jacking mechanism, the jacking mechanism is fixed from the foundation to adaptive adjustment of an angle and a contact position, and then dynamic monitoring and adjustment of jacking force, so that the stability of the supporting structure is ensured, the supporting force can be optimized in real time according to the stress condition of a wall surface, the problem that local pressure is too large or supporting is insufficient is effectively avoided, and the working efficiency is improved. And the supporting effect on wall surfaces with different forms and different materials is obviously improved.
Owner:HANGZHOU LANGZHOU ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ENG

Methods, systems, devices, and storage media for predicting surface stresses of a structural material

The application discloses a method, system, device and storage medium for predicting surface stress of structural materials, and belongs to the technical field of new materials.The first principle method is used to predict the surface stress of the structural material, the energy of the bulk and the surface structure of the structural material in the same orientation is obtained through the first principle relaxation calculation, the lattice parameters of the bulk and the surface structure are obtained, the strain tensor is loaded on the bulk and the surface structure only in the x and y directions, the change of the energy of each with the strain tensor is calculated, the quadratic polynomial fitting is used, and the surface stress is predicted.The method is not only simple in calculation model and moderate in calculation amount, but also can quickly and accurately predict the size of the surface stress without complicated experimental steps.Based on the high efficiency and accuracy, the method is expected to be widely applied in various material research fields, and is helpful to in-depth understanding of complex phenomena such as crack tip stress concentration in elastic-plastic mechanics.
Owner:CHINA NAT PETROLEUM CORP +1

Process for treating a turbomachine part

ActiveFR3145988B1Surface stressDuration treatment
The invention relates to a process (P) for treating a part (1), in particular a turbomachine, comprising the following steps: (S1) supplying a surface stress (F), intended to be applied to a contact surface (5) of the part (1), and at least one radius of curvature (R), (S2) determining a volume stress acting in the material of the part (1) below the surface, comprising calculating an analytical expression for the volume stress as a function of the surface stress and the radius of curvature, (S3) for each treatment in a set of thermochemical treatments, determining a hardness and a residual stress of the part (1), (S4) identifying, within the set of acceptable treatments, for which the hardness and the residual stress correspond to a mechanical strength of the part (1) greater than a threshold strength taking into account the volume stress.and a treatment duration is less than or equal to a threshold duration, (S6) application of one of the acceptable treatments to the part (1). Figure to be published for the abstract: Figure 2,
Owner:SAFRAN SA

A production line of composite material steel pipe pile

The utility model discloses a kind of production lines of composite material steel pipe pile, it is related to steel pipe pile production technical field, comprising: steel coil feeding mechanism, for unfolding steel coil shape steel plate to be processed;Numerical control leveling machine, for eliminating steel plate surface stress and leveling steel plate;Numerical control shearing machine, for the end of steel plate is started and cut;Laser welding equipment, for different steel coil welded into an organic whole by cutting, according to preset requirement determines the steel coil plate integral welding of N length;Delivery machine, for the steel plate of preliminary welding forming is delivered to next process;In the utility model, the welding depth range of laser internal welding unit is 0-H, then laser external welding unit is welded to the welding seam of steel pipe column un-welded portion again welding procedure, the welding depth range of laser external welding unit is H-2H, form double-layer airtight weld structure, further improve the strength of 10%-20% at weld joint.
Owner:JIANG SU SHUN LI LENG WAN XING GANG SHI YE YOU XIAN GONG SI

New-generation high-temperature alloy GH4065A tool surface pretreatment method

The invention relates to the technical field of machining tools, and discloses a new-generation high-temperature alloy GH4065A tool surface pretreatment method, flicker temperature field treatment is carried out on the surface of a GH4065A tool, a high-speed changing temperature field enables crystal lattices on the surface of the tool to expand and contract in a reciprocating mode, dislocation increment is induced, defects such as vacancies and gaps are formed, alternating stress is generated, surface residual stress is eliminated, and the surface of the GH4065A tool is obtained. And the surface is in a micro-stress or stress disappearance state. During nitrogen impact nitriding treatment, due to dislocation increment, vacancies and gaps caused by a high-frequency change temperature field, diffusion resistance of nitrogen atoms in a matrix is reduced, and permeation of the nitrogen atoms from the surface to the interior is accelerated. According to the method, the surface stress state of the base body can be greatly changed while the overall performance of the tool base body is not changed, and the surface nitrogen-rich layer is obtained. The low-stress nitrogen-rich surface can improve the growth behavior of the deposited TiAlN coating, improve the performance of the coating and reduce the friction coefficient and the abrasion loss of the tool.
Owner:CHENGDU ENGINE GROUP

Quantitative evaluation method and device for mechanical behavior of material under action of external medium

The invention discloses a quantitative evaluation method and device for mechanical behaviors of a material under the action of an external medium. Relates to the technical field of material mechanical behavior testing and evaluation. The method comprises the following steps: preparing a to-be-detected metal material sample, and carrying out surface treatment on the to-be-detected metal material sample. And performing in-situ monitoring and loading test on the sample under the action of an external medium, and collecting deformation response and damage event information of the metal material sample to be detected. And establishing a basic quantitative relationship according to the deformation response and the damage event information, and performing surface stress inversion to obtain an equivalent surface stress result. And based on the coupling relationship of multiple external media, calculating the mechanical behavior evaluation index induced by the external media according to a result corresponding to the equivalent surface, and obtaining a quantitative evaluation result of the metal material sample to be detected under the action of the external media. According to the method, the deformation and fracture mechanism of an engineering material under the action of an external medium can be disclosed, and necessary method support and technical foundation are provided for related engineering application.
Owner:SHANDONG UNIV

Method for detecting surface stress of metal material

The invention provides a metal material surface stress detection method, and relates to the technical field of metal material surface stress detection. The method for detecting the surface stress of the metal material comprises the following steps: providing a sample to be detected; carrying out oxidation treatment on the detection area of the sample to be detected, and oxidizing the surface of the detection area to form an oxide layer; performing Raman spectrum detection on the oxide layer to obtain characteristic peaks of oxide layer substance molecules; and calculating the surface stress of the sample to be detected according to the difference value between the peak position of the characteristic peak and the standard peak position. The detection method is high in sensitivity, the spatial resolution is improved, and a material matrix cannot be damaged.
Owner:SUZHOU NUCLEAR POWER RES INST CO LTD

Residual stress regulation and control method and rapid evaluation method for optical aluminum mirror blank

The invention relates to the technical field of metal material heat treatment, in particular to a residual stress regulation and control method and a rapid evaluation method for an optical aluminum mirror blank. According to the residual stress regulation and control method provided by the invention, the residual stress of the mirror blank is gradually released and homogenized through the synergistic effect of a composite process combining warm water quenching, thermal shock treatment and medium-temperature heat preservation, so that subsequent processing deformation is effectively inhibited. Besides, according to the rapid evaluation method for the residual stress of the mirror blank, a correlation model of the surface stress and the overall stress of the mirror blank is established based on finite element simulation data, and the overall stress state (mean value and distribution uniformity) of the mirror blank can be rapidly predicted according to the actual measurement result of the surface stress of the mirror blank; and establishing a stress grading standard of the mirror blank according to the simulated processing deformation data, and further performing stress grading evaluation on the mirror blank. According to the method, the residual stress of the mirror blank can be efficiently reduced, the problem of rapid stress evaluation during batch manufacturing is solved, and the manufacturing quality and the quality consistency of the optical aluminum mirror can be improved.
Owner:CENT SOUTH UNIV

A metal sheet bending fatigue detection device

ActiveCN224416633USurface stressStructural engineering
The utility model relates to material detection technical field, concretely is a kind of metal sheet bending fatigue detection device, including equipment host, equipment host includes workstation;Clamping structure includes fixed jaw, fixed jaw sliding installation is in the upper surface both sides of workstation, and the upper surface one side edge of fixed jaw slidingly connects with movable jaw;Detection structure includes base column, and base column sliding installation is in the upper surface front and back both sides of workstation, and one side fixed mounting of base column has abutting plate.In the utility model, two groups of fixed jaw can be synchronous reverse sliding on the upper surface both sides of workstation, can adjust interval, while adapting to different length size metal sheet in certain range, can carry out certain degree of relative forced centring effect to metal sheet, to ensure that abutting plate force point is located in the middle of metal sheet, ensure that the metal material quality on both sides of measured point is relatively consistent, tensile, surface stress etc. are relatively consistent, improve measurement numerical accuracy.
Owner:JIANGSU MYLES AUTOMATIC EQUIP CO LTD

Additive component ultrasonic detection and laser remelting synergistic stress relieving equipment and method

The invention discloses an additive component ultrasonic detection and laser remelting synergistic stress relieving device and method. The device is composed of an ultrasonic detection system and a laser remelting system in a cooperative mode, and automatic identification and efficient regulation and control of residual stress are achieved. The ultrasonic detection system accurately locates a stress concentration area by analyzing the time domain, the frequency domain and the phase characteristic change of the echo signal; the material is locally softened at high temperature, and the original residual stress is released; grains are rapidly fused and refined, and a uniform equiaxed crystal structure is formed; surface tension of a molten pool is leveled, and surface stress concentration is reduced; the thermal cycle promotes dislocation recombination and reconstructs three-dimensional stress balance. The system solves the problems of stress concentration and deformation overrun, realizes detection-elimination-verification closed-loop control through intelligent cooperation and dynamic regulation and control, has the advantages of high automation degree and high real-time responsiveness, and supports rapid switching of process parameters to adapt to the requirements of complex components.
Owner:NANJING UNIV OF AERONAUTICS & ASTRONAUTICS

A new energy enameled flat wire drawing forming positioning guide device

PendingCN122322277ASurface stressShear stress
This invention belongs to the field of enameled flat wire processing technology, specifically a drawing and positioning guide device for enameled flat wire used in new energy applications. It includes a drawing module, where the enameled flat wire raw material is drawn and cold-deformed to obtain the final enameled flat wire. The positioning guide module provides positioning and guidance during the drawing process. Based on the elastic force of a torsion spring, the invention ensures that the secondary guide wheel adheres to the upper and lower sides of the enameled flat wire, adaptively conforming to the shape of the wire. This allows the secondary guide wheel to apply flexible floating pressure to the upper and lower sides of the wire, breaking the surface stress lock-in state, promoting micro-slippage of the cold-deformed lattice, and uniformly releasing local residual compressive stress on the surface. Furthermore, the transverse guide wheel adheres to the left and right sides of the enameled flat wire via an elastic ring. During the wire's movement, the elastic ring applies lateral flexible deflection to the left and right sides of the wire, balancing the asymmetrical shear stress on both sides.
Owner:GUANGDONG JINGXUN LIYA SPECIAL WIRE

A method for quantitatively characterizing wafer surface stress and a standard method for detecting wafer surface stress

The application discloses a method for quantitatively characterizing wafer surface layer stress and a standard method for detecting wafer surface layer stress, and belongs to the technical field of wafer stress detection. The method comprises the following steps: (1) performing resistivity testing on a wafer, and obtaining the Young's modulus of the wafer according to the measured resistivity value and a fitting function; (2) testing the strain of the surface layer of the wafer, and calculating the surface layer stress of the wafer according to the strain and the Young's modulus. The method predicts the Young's modulus of different regions of the wafer through the resistivity value of the wafer and the fitting function, saves the detection time compared with directly testing the Young's modulus of the whole wafer, can quickly and accurately predict the Young's modulus distribution of the wafer, and quantitatively characterizes the surface layer stress distribution of the whole wafer by utilizing the relationship among stress, Young's modulus and strain, and can be popularized for the standardized detection of wafer surface layer stress.
Owner:SICC SHANGHAI CO LTD