103 results about "Glass laser" patented technology

The invention belongs to the technical field of laser processing, and particularly relates to a special-shaped curved glass laser cutting track planning method. According to the method, the instantaneous thermal effect and the historical thermal accumulation effect are subjected to coupling calculation, high-precision prediction and compensation of thermal deformation in the laser cutting process are achieved, the accuracy of the cutting track is improved, contour deviation caused by thermal deformation is avoided, and the geometric precision is improved; according to the local geometric complexity of the special-shaped curved glass, regions are divided, and differential virtual scanning layers and scanning modes are matched, so that the dynamic balance of efficiency and precision is guaranteed, the processing quality of regions with high curvature, thin walls and the like is guaranteed, the cutting speed of flat regions is increased, and the processing period is shortened; by monitoring the temperature and feeding back actual thermal historical parameters during cutting, model parameters are reversely optimized by using contour precision data after cutting is completed, so that robustness and stability are enhanced, and the yield and process reliability of laser cutting of the special-shaped curved glass are improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of glass welding, in particular to a clamping device for metal-glass laser welding and a welding method. The device comprises a bottom plate, a cover frame and supporting columns connecting the bottom plate and the cover frame, and a lifting part is formed between the cover frame and the bottom plate. A mechanical lifting assembly with an adjusting rocker and a graduated scale is installed on the bottom plate in the lifting part, the lower end is connected with the bottom plate, and the upper end is connected with the machining table to drive the machining table to ascend and descend. And the center of the cover frame is provided with a quartz glass pressing plate plated with a magnesium fluoride antireflection film. A cylindrical metal mounting base coaxial with the glass pressing plate is arranged on the machining table and used for mounting metal to be welded. During welding, the adjusting rocker is rocked to lift the machining table so that to-be-welded glass can make contact with the glass pressing plate, and optical contact is achieved by observing the situation that an interface Newton ring disappears from appearing; the whole clamping device is moved to a laser machining platform, and welding is conducted through a glass pressing plate; and after completion, the machining table is lowered to disassemble the weldment.

The invention relates to the technical field of laser internal engraving, and discloses a crystal glass laser internal engraving machine based on a positioning structure, which comprises an air floating platform, the air floating platform is arranged on a working table of the laser internal engraving machine, the air floating platform comprises a base, the base is provided with a suspension seat, the suspension seat is of a disc-shaped cavity structure, and the positioning structure is arranged on the suspension seat. The suspension seat is connected with a positioning mechanism, and the base is connected with a balance mechanism which can be used for enabling the suspension seat to be rapidly balanced after suspension. The crystal glass laser internal engraving machine based on the positioning structure can effectively solve the problems that in the prior art, due to the fact that a traditional positioning mode cannot rapidly and accurately place an element at an ideal engraving position, the focusing process of the laser internal engraving machine is tedious and time-consuming, and when the traditional laser internal engraving machine works, the working efficiency is high. Vibration generated by a mechanical transmission system and the ground can be transmitted to a working table, so that the circular crystal glass element generates tiny vibration, and the conditions of deviation, blurring and the like of a laser internally-carved pattern are further caused.

The utility model discloses a borosilicate glass laser-beam drilling machine, which relates to the technical field of borosilicate glass processing and comprises a base. The bottom of the bottom plate is fixedly connected with the top of the base; the bottom of the positioning assembly is fixedly connected with the top of the bottom plate, and the positioning assembly is used for positioning borosilicate glass; the outer side of the fixing assembly is fixedly connected with the inner side of the positioning assembly, and the fixing assembly is used for fixing borosilicate glass; the bottom of the shell is fixedly connected with the two sides of the bottom plate; and the top of the laser drilling machine body is fixedly connected with the top of the inner cavity of the shell. According to the device, the fixing assembly is arranged, so that glass is conveniently fixed, the working efficiency is improved, the positioning assembly is arranged, the position of the glass is adjusted, the glass does not need to be disassembled and reinstalled, and the glass punching position is conveniently changed.

A method of laser bonding glass to metal foil includes contacting a first glass substrate with a first metal foil to create a first contact location; directing a laser beam on the first contact location to bond the first glass substrate to the first metal foil; contacting a second glass substrate with a second metal foil to create a second contact location; and directing the laser beam on the second contact location to bond the second glass substrate to the second metal foil, wherein the first metal foil and the second metal foil each have a thickness from 5 μm to 100 μm, and wherein the laser beam comprises a pulsed laser comprising: a pulse energy from 2.8 μJ to 1000 μJ; and a wavelength such that the first and second glass substrates are substantially transparent to the wavelength.

The invention relates to the technical field of intelligent control, and discloses an intelligent control system and method for a crystal glass laser internal engraving machine. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring three-dimensional point cloud data of a crystal glass workpiece, extracting a material basic feature vector, and inputting the material basic feature vector into an axial self-crossover attention module for three-dimensional space feature association to obtain a three-dimensional space state map; fusing the acoustic emission signal, the light scattering signal and the temperature signal based on the three-dimensional space state map to perform to-be-excited state discrimination, and determining a to-be-excited area; and adjusting the laser power, the pulse frequency and the focusing depth according to the to-be-excited region to obtain a laser parameter combination, and performing position trajectory and control input optimization on the plurality of laser heads to generate an execution instruction of each laser head. The laser power, the pulse frequency and the focusing depth can be adaptively adjusted according to the recognition result of the to-be-excited area, and then the machining precision and stability of the crystal glass laser internal engraving machine are improved.

The invention discloses an external cracking mechanism and glass laser cutting equipment comprising the same, and relates to the technical field of glass cutting, the external cracking mechanism comprises a triangular mounting table, the middle of the triangular mounting table is fixedly connected with a first servo graduator, the output end of the first servo graduator is fixedly connected with three evenly-distributed station discs, and the output end of the first servo graduator is fixedly connected with a second servo graduator; and positioning assemblies used for positioning glass are arranged on the station discs, and second servo graduators are arranged at the three end corners of the triangular mounting table correspondingly. According to the glass feeding and discharging device, the grabbing hand can be matched with the feeding table to complete glass taking during working, matched with the receiving table to complete glass discharging and matched with the receiving table to complete glass splitting treatment, so that manual taking and discharging are not needed during glass feeding and discharging, and the labor intensity of workers is greatly reduced.

The utility model discloses a cutting device for blue light glass processing belongs to blue light glass processing technical field, including glass laser cutting machine and the linear module of arrangement on glass laser cutting machine still includes the material table for placing blue light glass of arrangement on the sliding block of linear module, the suction structure for sucking the glass chippings remaining on the material table of arrangement on glass laser cutting machine, and the suction structure includes the waste bin of arrangement on glass laser cutting machine one side, the telescopic pipe of arrangement on the waste bin and with waste bin intercommunication. The utility model, after the blue light glass cutting of material table is completed, can utilize telescopic pipe suction chippings residue remaining on the material table through the opening of suction fan, and through the horizontal or vertical push of slide seat no.

The utility model discloses a glass laser cutting dust removal and waste separation device which comprises a dust collection mechanism, a dust removal mechanism and a waste separation mechanism, the dust collection mechanism comprises two collection discs, and a plurality of blanking holes are axially arrayed in the collection discs; the pumping and discharging mechanism comprises material falling pipelines which are vertically and fixedly connected to the bottom of the collecting disc, a through hole is formed in the center of the collecting disc, the material falling pipelines are fixed to the bottom of the through hole, the side walls of the material falling pipelines are vertically and fixedly communicated with dust pumping pipelines, exhaust fans are installed on the two dust pumping pipelines, and the outlet ends of the exhaust fans are communicated with the main pipeline; the waste material collecting mechanism comprises a waste material bin, a material bin drawer is slidably connected into the waste material bin, and the bottom end of the material falling pipeline communicates with the waste material bin; a filter element is installed at the end, close to the discharging pipeline, of the dust suction pipeline. According to the utility model, the suction effect is generated through the suction mechanism, and dust and waste are collected through the collecting tray and then are separated through the filter element for respective treatment.

The application relates to a glass laser film removing device for hollow glass production, and belongs to the technical field of hollow glass production.The glass laser film removing device comprises a base, a laser generator for removing a film layer on the surface of glass, a distance measuring mechanism installed on the laser generator and used for detecting the distance between the laser generator and the glass, and a driving mechanism, wherein the laser generator is installed on the driving mechanism, and the driving mechanism is used for adjusting the position of the laser generator; the glass laser film removing device has the beneficial effect of improving the film removing quality of the glass laser film removing device.

Provided is a glass material which has a low linear thermal expansion coefficient and which can be used more stably as a laser medium. The glass is characterized by containing, in terms of mol%, 45%-85% of SiO2, 3%-23% of Al2O3, 0%-13% of B2O3, 0%-5% of Li2O, and 0.01%-11% of Ln2O3 (Ln is at least one selected from Ce, Nd, Yb, Er, Pr, Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy, Ho, and Tm). The glass is preferably used as a wavelength conversion member 26 of a laser oscillation device 2 that extracts laser light by emitting excitation light L from an excitation light source 20. The wavelength conversion member 26 is disposed between a resonator 22 and a resonator 24.

The utility model provides a large-format glass laser cutting machine, which relates to the technical field of glass cutting and comprises a frame body, a cutting moving mechanism and a laser component are arranged on the frame body, and the laser component comprises a laser cutting head. The cutting moving mechanism comprises an X-axis linear motor movement module, the X-axis linear motor movement module is connected with a Z-axis servo motor movement module in a sliding mode, the laser cutting head is connected to the Z-axis servo motor movement module, and the two ends of the X-axis linear motor movement module are connected with Y-axis linear motor movement modules in a sliding mode. The laser cutting device has the advantages that the laser cutting head is driven by the cutting moving mechanism to be adjusted in the X-axis direction, the Y-axis direction and the Z-axis direction, the adjusting flexibility is high, the laser cutting head can cut various positions, the distances between the belt conveying assemblies are the same, and when large-breadth glass is conveyed, the conveying efficiency is greatly improved. The multiple belt conveying assemblies can support the glass from multiple points, the weight of the glass is evenly shared, and the flatness of the glass in the conveying process is guaranteed.

The invention discloses a glass trepanning method based on laser. The glass trepanning method comprises the following steps: S1, cleaning a material; s2, a coating is arranged; s3, removing the coating; s4, laser-induced modification; s5, chemically etching the modified layer; s6, removing the whole coating layer; and S7, cleaning and drying. According to the invention, through the double-path laser system and the mode of arranging the protective layer in cooperation with the glass laser, very precise and efficient laser trepanning treatment can be effectively carried out on the set position on the glass substrate, the thinning of the glass during etching is avoided, the preset thickness of the glass substrate can be effectively reduced under the condition of ensuring the laser trepanning effect, and the production efficiency of the glass substrate is improved. However, the thin glass is easier to realize trepanning, so that the etching time is shortened, and the efficiency is improved.

This item is a slide glass laser printer.

The utility model discloses laser drilling equipment for photovoltaic glass, belongs to the related technical field of photovoltaic glass processing, and aims to solve the problem that in the prior art, when the photovoltaic glass is drilled, generated thermal stress may cause microcracks to the wall of a hole. The microcracks can reduce the strength of the glass and prolong the service life of the glass, and in the subsequent use process, the microcracks can be possibly expanded under the action of stress or environmental factors, and finally the glass is broken. The novel laser drilling equipment comprises a workbench, an electric telescopic rod, a lifting plate and two heating plates, and the lower end of the lifting plate is fixedly connected with the two heating plates. Through the electric telescopic rod, the heating plate and the lifting plate, due to the fact that the lifting plate is made of heat conduction materials such as copper, the temperature of the lifting plate can be increased through the heating plate, the situation that the service life of photovoltaic glass is shortened due to microcracks in the follow-up use process is avoided, and the working quality of the punching equipment is improved.

This utility model discloses a positioning device for laser engraving of shower glass, including a mounting base and two mounting boxes on both sides. A conveyor belt is installed inside the mounting base, and a positioning component is installed inside each mounting box. The positioning component includes a sliding column with a spring at its bottom and a limiting member at the bottom of the spring. Inclined grooves are provided on both sides inside the mounting boxes. In this utility model, the sliding column is pushed by electric push rods on both sides. When the limiting member contacts the conveyor belt, it moves inward due to the spring contraction, thus fixing both sides of the shower glass and completing the positioning. Shower glass to be laser engraved is then placed on one side of the conveyor belt. After laser engraving, the shower glass is conveyed outward, while the shower glass on one side of the conveyor belt is conveyed to the bottom of the laser engraving device, allowing for rapid laser engraving and increasing efficiency.

This invention discloses a fully automatic glass laser forming machine, comprising a frame, a cutting mechanism, a piercing mechanism, and a cleaving mechanism. The cutting mechanism includes a first conveyor belt, a first moving component, and a first laser head. The first conveyor belt transports glass, and the first moving component drives the first laser head to move. The piercing mechanism includes a second moving component, a second laser head, a driving component, and multiple second conveyor belts. The second moving component drives the second laser head to move, the second conveyor belts transport glass, and the driving component drives the second conveyor belts to move. The cleaving mechanism includes a third moving component, a third laser head, and multiple conveyor rollers. The multiple conveyor rollers transport glass, and the third moving component drives the third laser head to move. A waste conveyor belt is located below the piercing mechanism. This fully automatic glass laser forming machine enables automated glass processing, improving processing efficiency and enhancing equipment reliability.

The utility model discloses an astronaut modeling light device, which belongs to the related technical field of laser illumination and comprises a stainless steel plastic spraying shell, curved glass, a reflecting mirror, an electric holder, a cooling fan and a laser transmitter. The reflecting mirror and the electric holder are located at the head position of the stainless steel plastic spraying shell, laser emitted by the laser emitter is reflected to the curved glass through the reflecting mirror, the laser emitter is arranged in the stainless steel plastic spraying shell, the problem that the laser emitter is exposed outside is solved, the concealment of the laser emitter is achieved, and the laser emitter is convenient to use. The attractiveness and the ornamental value are increased, and the attractiveness and the practicability are combined; meanwhile, safe use of the laser transmitter is guaranteed, and man-made damage is reduced; the holographic laser device is attractive in appearance, has ornamental value, has more science and technology feeling for the performance holographic laser, can present varied images, generates a shocking visual effect, and integrally integrates practicability and decorative attractiveness into a whole.

The application relates to the technical field of glass laser cutting, in particular to a positioning clamp and method for lens glass laser cutting. The inner side of a water container is slidably connected with an outer sliding frame. The outer side of the outer sliding frame is fixedly connected with a sealing ring. The sealing ring is slidably connected with the water container and realizes sealing. The inner side of the outer sliding frame is provided with window glass. The water container, the outer sliding frame and the window glass form a water chamber. The inner side of the water container is fixedly connected with a support seat. The inner side of the water container is fixedly connected with a first spacing plate. The side of the window glass, which faces the inner side of the water container, is fixedly connected with a second spacing plate. The application can not only fill water with a fixed thickness in the frosted glass to reduce the diffuse reflection and refraction of laser, but also can keep the free liquid surface in the water chamber away from the cutting surface of the frosted glass, that is, the frosted glass is completely immersed in water, so that the free liquid surface is kept away from the cutting process, and the water ripple generated by the free liquid surface does not affect the laser cutting of the frosted glass.

The utility model relates to full-automatic glass laser drilling and chamfering equipment which comprises a rack, a laser drilling device, a control device, a double-row conveying and clamping device, a rear gear mechanism, a front gear mechanism and a glass hole chamfering device. The rear gear mechanism, the laser drilling device, the front gear mechanism and the glass hole chamfering device are sequentially arranged in the conveying direction of the double-row conveying clamping device. The distance between the rear gear mechanism and the drilling station of the laser drilling device is equal to the distance between the front gear mechanism and the chamfering station of the glass hole chamfering device. The double-row conveying and clamping device, the rear gear mechanism, the laser drilling device, the front gear mechanism and the glass hole chamfering device are all electrically connected with the control device. According to the laser drilling and chamfering device, laser drilling and chamfering work can be synchronously carried out on the glass sheet, the machining efficiency of the glass sheet can be improved, the chamfering accuracy of a glass hole can be ensured, and therefore the chamfering quality is improved.

The application discloses a metal base surface treatment process for realizing metal-glass laser welding, which comprises the following steps: S1: first, metal and glass are cleaned with deionized water for 5-10 minutes, and then cleaned with alcohol for 5-10 minutes; S2: the cleaned materials are dried in a drying box; S3: the metal is subjected to surface treatment to modify the metal surface; S4: the glass and the metal are overlapped together, a light beam generated by a laser is focused on a joint surface of the glass and the metal to perform laser welding, the laser is absorbed by the underlying metal after penetrating through the glass, a heat action zone is formed, the metal and the glass are melted in the heat action zone, and the two are diffused to form a welded joint, and the welding is completed. The metal surface is modified by means of laser surface cleaning or metal surface coating before laser welding, the welding strength between the glass and the metal is effectively improved, the two surface treatment modes can be selectively used or simultaneously used, and the organic adhesive connection is avoided.

The invention relates to the technical field of glass manufacturing, and particularly discloses a method for improving glass laser cutting efficiency, which comprises the following steps: before glass laser cutting, plating at least one layer of anti-reflection protective film on the cutting surface of glass so as to reduce the reflectivity of laser on the cutting surface, and then cutting; the protective film is a soluble film and can be washed off after laser cutting, and the refractive index of the protective film is between the refractive index of air and the refractive index of glass. According to the method for improving the laser cutting efficiency of the glass, provided by the invention, the cutting surface of the glass is plated with the special protective film before laser cutting, and the special protective film has an anti-reflection effect, so that the reflection of laser on the surface of the glass can be reduced, and the laser cutting efficiency is improved. Meanwhile, the protective film is a soluble film and can be conveniently removed during subsequent processing after laser cutting.

The utility model belongs to the technical field of glass processing equipment, and particularly relates to a glass laser drilling, film removing and texturing all-in-one machine which comprises a machine frame, and first electric sliding rails are symmetrically connected to the surface of the top of the machine frame. According to the utility model, the three electric slide rails form a spatial three-dimensional motion system, and a laser beam can be driven to carry out large-format processing in the X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis directions in cooperation with the control host, so that punching, film removing and texturing operations on glass or a mirror surface can be realized, and therefore, the problem that the glass needs to be transferred among multiple devices during processing can be solved, and the production cost is reduced. Meanwhile, when an exhaust pipe in the funnel is connected with external exhaust equipment through a connecting pipe, particles and harmful gas generated in the laser processing process of the glass can be sucked away by a built-in negative-pressure dust removal and external waste gas purification device, and the equipment investment cost and the processing operation time are saved; and part of heavier chippings can directly slide into the collecting box at the bottom of the funnel to be collected, so that the working environment is prevented from being polluted.

The utility model discloses a glass laser drilling machine, and relates to the technical field of glass processing. The laser drilling machine comprises a machining table, a vertical rod is fixedly arranged on the upper surface of the machining table, an upper plate is fixedly arranged at the upper end of the vertical rod, a first sliding groove is formed in the upper surface of the upper plate, a sliding plate is arranged in the first sliding groove in a sliding mode, a laser drilling head is fixedly arranged in the sliding plate, and a limiting assembly is connected to the machining table. In the process of drilling glass through the laser drilling head, water in the water tank can be guided into the rectangular pipe, the corrugated pipe and the guide pipe by starting the pump, and finally the water can be sprayed out and sprayed on the glass through the water raising head to take away heat generated during drilling, so that the drilling efficiency is improved. In the drilling process, a part of water enters the water tank through the connecting cylinder, impurities can be filtered through the filter screen in the filter frame plate, the impurities are prevented from entering the pump, and the water can be recycled.

The utility model relates to a sectional type double-row clamping conveying device which comprises a machine frame, two conveying bases, a conveying adjusting mechanism, two conveying belt mechanisms and two clamping assemblies, the two conveying bases are installed on the machine frame through the conveying adjusting mechanism, the two conveying belt mechanisms are installed on the corresponding conveying bases respectively, and the two clamping assemblies are installed on the conveying bases. The two clamping assemblies are installed on the corresponding conveying bases correspondingly. The conveying belt mechanism comprises a front conveying belt, a rear conveying belt and a transition conveying belt, the rear conveying belt is located right behind the front conveying belt, the front end of the rear conveying belt is connected with the rear end of the front conveying belt, the transition conveying belt is arranged on one side of the front conveying belt and the rear conveying belt, and the top face of the front section of the transition conveying belt is flush with the top face of the rear section of the front conveying belt. The top face of the rear section of the transition conveying belt is flush with the top face of the front section of the rear conveying belt. The sectional type double-row clamping and conveying device has a sectional adjusting function, is suitable for multi-station continuous operation of the glass laser-beam drilling machine, and can improve the working efficiency.

The invention provides an LD end face pumping Co < 2 + >: MgAl2O4 preposed composite structure Er, Yb: glass laser, which is characterized in that a pumping source is used for outputting pumping light; the composite structure comprises Co < 2 + >: MgAl2O4 and Er, Yb: glass, and the Co < 2 + >: MgAl2O4 is pre-bonded at the front end, close to the pumping source, of the Er, Yb: glass; the focusing lens is arranged between the pumping source and the composite structure and used for focusing the pumping light. According to the invention, the saturable absorber Co < 2 + >: MgAl2O4 is arranged at the front end of the Er, Yb: glass in a bonding manner or at a position close to the front end and a pumping source for the first time, and the Co < 2 + >: MgAl2O4 not only plays a Q-switching function, but also plays a very good heat dissipation role on the front end surface of the Er, Yb: glass. Compared with the prior art, the output stability of the laser and the laser beam quality can be improved, other high-thermal-conductivity crystals do not need to be additionally used as cooling fins, the cavity length of the composite structure is not increased, the structure is compact, meanwhile, the small size of the whole laser is guaranteed, and application and integration of a laser range finder are facilitated.

The invention discloses a laser welding device for glass processing, and relates to the technical field of glass laser welding, the laser welding device comprises a placing table and a laser welding assembly, and further comprises a frame and bearing units located at the two ends of the frame, and each bearing unit comprises a bearing plate slidably connected with the frame; and the telescopic piece is fixedly connected between the bearing plate and the frame. Through the step-by-step separation design of the left bearing plate and the right bearing plate, when the right bearing plate is separated from the right end of the glass, the left bearing plate still keeps stable contact with the left end of the glass, single-side limiting is achieved, reliable limiting support is provided for descending of the right end of the glass, large transverse deviation caused by loss of constraint is avoided, and the service life of the glass is prolonged. And the glass is always positioned on a preset placement track.

The utility model relates to a kind of double-sided pump erbium glass laser, belong to laser technology field.The utility model proposes a kind of double-sided pump erbium glass laser, using double Bar strip side face dislocation pumping and FC-770 fluorination liquid total immersion cooling method, realizes erbium glass laser high-power pumping and high-efficiency heat dissipation, both can effectively improve erbium glass laser single pulse energy and beam quality, also can substantially reduce laser complete machine volume.

The utility model is applicable to the technical field of glass cutting and splitting, and provides a glass laser cutting and splitting production line, which comprises a production line formed by sequentially arranging a cutting mechanism, a slicing mechanism and a sorting mechanism, the first workbench is arranged at the feeding end of the slicing mechanism, and the first cross beam can be movably arranged above the cutting mechanism in the length direction of the cutting mechanism. According to the glass laser cutting and splitting production line, through the production line composed of the cutting mechanism, the slicing mechanism and the sorting mechanism, the machining adaptability is high, glass made of high-hardness, high-melting-point and fragile materials can be machined, special-shaped patterns can be conveniently cut, fixed-point machining and fine machining are met, the machining efficiency is high, the follow-up edge grinding procedure can be omitted after cutting, and the production efficiency is high. The production and processing efficiency of the glass is improved, the processing requirements of complex patterns and fine parts can be met, and the qualified rate of finished products is high.

The application discloses a quartz glass laser welding method and an atomic cell, and belongs to the technical field of atomic cell packaging. The method is characterized in that first and second quartz glass components are butted to form a joint interface, and CO2 laser beams are used for welding, which is divided into two steps of pre-welding and main welding. In the pre-welding, a first laser power is used for scanning to form a plurality of discrete fusion points to fix the components; in the main welding, a second laser power larger than the first laser power is used for continuous scanning to form a sealing weld. The interval between adjacent fusion points formed by the pre-welding is less than 1.5 times the diameter of a main welding spot, so that the main welding weld can completely cover and fuse the discrete points, and the weld is continuous and uniform. By controlling the laser power and the scanning speed, the weld penetration is stabilized at 0.5 mm-2 mm, the air tightness is better than 8*10 ‑11 Pa·m³ / s, and the heat affected zone width is less than 1.5 mm. The application further discloses an atomic cell prepared by using the method, which can avoid component displacement and stress concentration, realize sealing welding with high air tightness and low heat affected zone, and improve the long-term stability of the atomic cell.