The invention discloses a rewinding device for an aerogel composite coiled material and an operation method, and relates to the technical field of aerogel composite coiled material production. The rewinding device comprises an unwinding mechanism, a conveying mechanism, a dust collection mechanism, a winding mechanism and a transferring mechanism, wherein the unwinding mechanism comprises an unwinding support, a first roll shaft is fixedly installed on the upper side of the unwinding support, the conveying mechanism comprises a conveying support, a plurality of second roller shafts are fixedly installed on the upper side of the conveying support, a plurality of transmission assemblies are further fixedly installed on the upper side of the conveying support, the winding mechanism comprises a winding support and a winding roller shaft, one end of the winding roller shaft is fixedly installed on one side face of the winding support, and a pressing assembly and a discharging assembly are fixedly installed on the winding support. By arranging the conveying mechanism and the winding mechanism, the operation that an aerogel composite coiled material needs to be manually spread for heat dissipation and then manually wound in an existing production process is avoided, time and labor are saved, comprehensive inspection of a product is facilitated, and the production efficiency and the product quality are improved.