The invention relates to a detection device and the method for the thermoelectric electric power generation performance. The detection device is made up of the thermal resource, the cooling end, the DC, the standard load resistance, the multicenter data collector, the computer ,the thermocouple and the vacuum pump. The method is to install the two thermoelectric power generation devices between the thermal resource and the cooling end at the same time, the output of which is connected with the standard load resistance, so it can get the output power by changing the standard load resistance which contrasts to the input power to get the energy conversion efficiency. The invention can avoid the heat loss of the input measurement system by using the double detection symmetrical thermal resource, comparing to the present method, the device has the simple structure and high efficiency, and also it can detect the energy conversion efficiency directly.