The invention discloses an automatic adjustment device for a vacuum clamp for polishing workpieces. The automatic adjustment device comprises a hydraulic clamp fixing module, a vacuum clamp module and a vacuumizing module, wherein the vacuum clamp module comprises an upper clamp and a lower clamp, an upward concave structure is arranged at the bottom of the upper clamp, a downward convex structure is arranged at the upper end of the lower clamp, the upward concave structure of the upper clamp and an upward convex structure of the lower clamp form a sealed cavity, a plurality of through holes communicating with the cavity are arranged in the bottom of a circular workpiece installation groove, and a vacuum connector used for connecting the vacuumizing module is arranged at the bottom of a downward concave structure of the lower clamp; the vacuumizing module comprises an air pump, a vacuum pipeline and an air pressure sensor; the hydraulic clamp fixing module comprises a fixed support gasket, hydraulic clamps and a plurality of floating supports used for providing an auxiliary support force; and each floating support comprises a floating support rod, a support head, a gasket, a compression spring and an adjustment nut. The automatic adjustment device disclosed by the invention is simple and compact in structure, low in production cost, reasonable in design, convenient for workpiece clamping, capable of automatically adjusting, and wide in use range.