The invention relates to a working system for solving a concrete raw material recovery problem, and in particular relates to a fine sand recycling system with high recovery rate and a working method thereof. The recycling system mainly comprises a gravel screening mechanism, a sand washing device, a fine sand deposition recycling device and a waste residue pool, wherein the gravel screening mechanism comprises a movable base, a screening machine frame, a supporting roller, a rolling belt, a first screening layer, a second screening layer, a sand material recycling box and a vibrator; the sandwashing device mainly comprises a vertical support, a wheel-bucket type sand washing machine, a connecting pipe fitting, a sand washing pool and a power device of the sand washing pool; and the fine sand deposition recycling device is installed below the sand washing device, and mainly comprises a fine sand depositing bucket, a leading-out groove, a spiral revolving machine and a galvanized steelpipe. According to the working system and the working method, the components of all the mechanisms are sequentially subjected to works of filtration separation, elutriation separation and rotary separation, so that the recovery rate of fine sand can be improved, the content of fine particles in a sand material is improved, the manufacturing cost of the engineering construction can be reduced, andthe mixability of the concrete is stable and reliable.