3164 results about "3d printer" patented technology

A digital auxiliary repair method for an ancient building. The method comprises: point cloud data acquisition, point cloud model establishment, point cloud model optimization and model printing, which involve: scanning and photographing a damaged ancient building by using a three-dimensional scanner and an industrial camera, so as to obtain three-dimensional point cloud data of the ancient building; performing preprocessing, such as data registration, data denoising, data simplification and data segmentation, on the point cloud data to obtain data for establishing a three-dimensional model; optimizing the three-dimensional model; and by means of a 3D printer, obtaining a mold for a damage position of the ancient building, and on the basis of requirements, using the mold to perform molding to obtain a wooden or brick-mixed workpiece.

The sand mold 3D printer relates to the technical field of casting molding, and comprises a box body, a workbench is arranged in the box body, a moving avoiding mechanism is arranged at the top of the box body, and cleaning and material collecting mechanisms used for cleaning a printing head are arranged on the front side and the rear side of the workbench correspondingly. The sanding device and the printing head respectively adopt two mutually independent and vertical driving parts as power, after the sanding device performs unidirectional sanding, the printing head performs continuous printing from front to back, after printing, the printing head moves to the position of the rear cleaning and receiving mechanism for avoiding, and then the sanding device performs reverse sanding, so that the printing efficiency is improved. The printing head conducts reverse continuous printing from back to front, two-way sanding and two-way printing are achieved, the sanding device and the printing head are free of idle stroke, the printing efficiency is high, when the printing head conducts avoiding, the pressure driving assembly drives the automatic cleaning assembly to scrape and clean glue liquid and gravel remaining at the bottom of the printing head, and therefore the printing efficiency is improved. And the bottom of the scraping plate is cleaned through the cleaning mechanism.

The invention discloses a concrete 3D printing path optimization method and system based on reinforcement learning, and the method comprises the following steps: representing a to-be-printed geometric model as a graphic structure composed of nodes and edges, each node being a specific position in a three-dimensional space on a printing surface, and the edge representing a feasible moving path of a printing head between the nodes; performing dynamic optimization on the movement of the spray head through a Q-learning algorithm, performing iterative calculation on a Q value, and completing dynamic adjustment on a printing path on the basis of an instant reward to obtain an optimal printing path with the minimum movement distance, the minimum sharp turn frequency and the minimum start-stop frequency; the optimal printing path data is converted into a standard G code, and the 3D printer is controlled to execute the optimal printing path based on the standard G code; by combining the solving process of the optimal Q value in the Q-learning algorithm and the construction requirements of concrete 3D printing path planning, the accurate optimal printing path planning can be efficiently completed through the self-learning-self-evolution algorithm advantages of the reinforcement learning model.

The invention discloses an industrial particle 3D printer cavity temperature heat recovery system and a cavity temperature control method, and relates to the technical field of 3D printing, and the method comprises the following steps: establishing a three-dimensional geometric analysis model of a printing component, based on the structural morphology, thickness distribution and spatial topology characteristics of the component, extracting a spatial temperature control demand corresponding to each region, and calculating a three-dimensional geometric analysis model of the printing component; and determining an adjusting target of the hot air circulation system. According to the method, a space temperature control demand model is established based on geometrical characteristics of a component, oriented distribution of heat energy is realized by dynamically adjusting a hot air circulation system, a cooling characteristic curve is constructed in combination with real-time temperature and stress data, and a warping resonance sensitive area is identified and regulated. And a self-adaptive temperature control system is formed through fixed-point thermal compensation and parameter closed-loop correction. Compared with a traditional strategy, the method has the advantages that the temperature control precision and the response efficiency are remarkably improved, thermal stress resonance and structural deformation in the cooling process are effectively restrained, and the method is suitable for stable forming of high-precision complex components and has wide application prospects.

The application discloses a kind of based on 3D printing's three-dimensional model slice path processing method and device. Including: control 3D printer to starting point as starting point;Based on the region surrounded between starting point and reference point, determine the printing point to be printed that 3D printer needs to execute printing action during executing 3D printing job;Starting point and the printing point to be printed are sequentially connected by smooth straight line, generate printing path;Based on printing path control 3D printer executes 3D printing job and obtains target object, to effectively reduce the number of line segments of slice contour line of three-dimensional model forming target object, avoid 3D printer in printing job, in the pause frequency of line segment head, tail, simultaneously avoid the problem that 3D printing model surface protrusion is caused by long time scanning due to pause.In reducing pause frequency, printing is more smooth, improve printing efficiency, simultaneously also reduce algorithm complexity, help the simplification of algorithm.And effectively simplify the algorithm of 3D printer.

The technology described herein is directed towards a metasurface arranged with unit cells for broadband and / or multiband sound absorption, in which the unit cells are based on the principles of Helmholtz resonators. Deeply subwavelength sound absorbing unit cells are designed and constructed based on desired resonance frequencies. Each unit cell includes a neck portion and air chamber dimensioned to resonate at a desired resonance frequency and thereby inverse phase cancel corresponding frequencies of incoming sound waves. Differently designed and arranged subgroups of unit cells are part of the metasurface, which can be positioned proximate to a noise source. As practical examples, the metasurface or multiple metasurfaces can be placed near or wrapped around a computer server or rack of servers to absorb fan noise. The metasurface components (including the unit cells) can be printed by a 3D printer to result in a thin, light-weight, and cost effective noise absorbing metasurface.

A continuous fiber reinforced composite topological lattice structure design and 3D printing method comprises the steps that firstly, the elastic tensor of a unit cell structure of a 3D printing continuous fiber reinforced composite is represented, then a topological optimization model of the unit cell structure of the continuous fiber reinforced composite is constructed and divided into sub-regions, fiber tracks are generated for the sub-regions, and finally the topological lattice structure of the continuous fiber reinforced composite is obtained. The arrangement angle of the unit cell structures is calculated, the unit cell structures are periodically filled, and fiber tracks in the sub-regions are obtained; secondly, extracting fiber tracks of the sub-regions, obtaining minimum printing paths of the fiber tracks in each sub-region in combination with a periodic unit cell structure printing form, and connecting to obtain 3D printing sub-paths; then the 3D printing sub-paths are connected to obtain a 3D printing path of the continuous fiber reinforced composite topological lattice structure, and G-codes are generated in combination with the printing speed and the material feeding rate and used for sample piece manufacturing of a 3D printer; the manufacturing requirements of continuous fiber 3D printing are met.

The utility model discloses a 3D printer material changing mechanism and a 3D printer. The 3D printer material changing mechanism comprises a first driving device, a feeding mechanism, a feeding driven assembly, a material selecting mechanism, a first transmission assembly, a feeding linkage mechanism, a second driving device and a consumable material winding roller mechanism which are connected according to a set connection relation. The number of the feeding driven assemblies is multiple, consumables can be arranged between the feeding mechanism and each feeding driven assembly, and therefore multiple types of consumables can be selected for printing. By means of the material changing mechanism of the 3D printer, required consumables can be selected and conveyed to the spray head to be printed. According to the material changing mechanism of the 3D printer, consumables can be flexibly changed and selected for printing, and diversified printing requirements of people can be met. The utility model can be used for a single-nozzle 3D printer to print multi-color consumables, or for a single-nozzle 3D printer to print consumables made of various different materials.

The invention relates to the technical field of 3D printing, and discloses a fiber reinforced composite material 3D printer and a printing method, current deposition tows are heated / cooled under the action of a preset interlayer pressing force through an interlayer pressing device, interlayer fusion can be promoted, the interlayer bonding strength can be improved, the heat history in the wire cooling process can be eliminated, and the 3D printing quality of the fiber reinforced composite material is improved. The crystallization behavior, the grain size and the grain distribution of a polymer in a printing wire material are controlled, and the microscopic uniformity of a composite material printing product is improved. The side face and the upper surface of the current deposition tow are subjected to hot-pressing shaping through the inter-channel pressing device, meanwhile, secondary hot-pressing is conducted on the adjacent printing layer deposition tow, resin of the current deposition tow and resin of the adjacent printing layer deposition tow can be melted and flow, so that the inter-channel gap between the adjacent printing layers is filled, and the printing effect is improved. And the inter-track bonding strength is improved.

The granular material 3D printer with the cavity temperature comprises a printer body, a fan is arranged on one side of the printer body, a cold and hot air system is arranged on the other opposite side of the printer body, a filtering air outlet is formed in the upper portion of the cold and hot air system, and a vacuum adsorption platform is arranged in a cavity of the printer body; a liftable bracket is arranged above the vacuum adsorption platform, an X shaft and a Y shaft are arranged on the bracket, a printer head is arranged on the X shaft and can reciprocate along the X shaft, and the four lead screws drive the bracket to vertically ascend and descend along an optical axis when rotating synchronously. When the granular material 3D printer with the cavity temperature is used, cold and hot air circulation can be adjusted according to the characteristics of granular materials, model cooling and cavity temperature guaranteeing are facilitated, in addition, the printing precision can be improved through stable lifting of the bracket, meanwhile, the heating efficiency of the cavity is further improved through arrangement of organ cloth, and the granular material 3D printer is suitable for application and popularization.

The invention discloses a printing defect detection method and device, a printer and a storage medium, and the method comprises the steps: printing a preset printing piece through a nozzle of a 3D printer, and shooting the nozzle through a camera module in the printing process to obtain m first images; m is a positive integer; performing defect detection on the nozzle based on the m first images to obtain a target defect detection result; determining target prompt information according to the target defect detection result; the target prompt information is used for prompting a user to process the printing defect of the nozzle. By adopting the embodiment of the invention, the functions of detecting printing defects and giving out prompts are realized.

The invention discloses a single-mode intelligent 3D printer control system, and relates to the technical field of 3D printing control, the single-mode intelligent 3D printer control system comprises a multi-source sensing module, an intelligent decision module and an evolution closed-loop module, the multi-source sensing module collects geometric features of a three-dimensional printing model and printing environment state data in real time; the intelligent decision-making module generates self-adaptive slicing parameters based on the data and dynamically adjusts printing process parameters; the evolutionary closed-loop module stores historical printing data and continuously optimizes parameters, the evolutionary closed-loop module, the evolutionary closed-loop module, the evolutionary closed-loop module and the evolutionary closed-loop module form a closed-loop system, and the system realizes full-process intelligent self-adaption from model analysis to printing execution, can improve the stability of printed pieces and the adaptability of the system, and is suitable for complex 3D printing tasks.

The invention relates to the technical field of additive manufacturing, and discloses a thermal expansion dynamic compensation method and system and a high-temperature 3D printer, and the method comprises the steps that the real-time temperature of each thermal expansion sensitive area is measured through N temperature sensors arranged on the 3D printer; a coefficient vector obtained through pre-calculation is substituted into the mapping relation formula, and thermal expansion displacement between the spray head and the printing platform under the current temperature condition is obtained through calculation; and based on the thermal expansion displacement, the real-time distance between the spray head and the printing platform is compensated, so that the compensated distance is consistent with the initial distance. The method further comprises the steps that a high-temperature-resistant distance sensor is used, and a data set of the temperature-thermal expansion displacement mapping relation is measured in advance; and calculating to obtain a coefficient vector in a temperature-thermal expansion displacement mapping relation formula corresponding to each temperature sensor. The Z-axis thermal expansion displacement is dynamically compensated, and the problem of nozzle height deviation caused by thermal deformation in high-temperature printing is solved.

The invention relates to an accurate feeding control method, device and system for a solid waste-based material 3D printer, and the method comprises the following steps: S1, collecting the viscosity and shear stress data of a solid waste-based material in real time based on a miniature rheological sensor array at an inlet of a spiral feeder by adopting a wavelet transform signal analysis method, and synchronously obtaining the material temperature through a temperature sensor, and constructing a material rheological characteristic dynamic model, and generating a dynamic rheological characteristic matrix. The method has the advantages that the real-time model is constructed by dynamically sensing the rheological characteristics of the material and fusing temperature data through a wavelet transform signal analysis method, and the capture precision of the heterogeneity of the solid waste material is remarkably improved; multi-source heterogeneous sensor data is subjected to fusion analysis through a graph neural network, the fluidity index and the blockage risk probability are accurately quantified, and the effect of early warning of abnormal working conditions is achieved.

The invention provides an FDM3D printer flow calibration method, and relates to the technical field of 3D printing molding, the method comprises the following steps: monitoring an extrusion resistance value in real time through an extrusion pressure sensor, and dynamically adjusting the rotation speed of an extruder screw based on the resistance value; acquiring temperature gradient distribution of a nozzle area by using an infrared thermal imaging module, establishing a temperature-viscosity-flow mapping relation, and constructing a dynamic flow model so as to correct the thermal expansion and cold contraction effect of the material; the thickness of a printing layer is measured through a laser displacement sensor, and flow compensation is triggered in combination with a preset layer thickness threshold value; flow calibration is carried out through multi-sensor feedback and dynamic parameter adjustment, the automatic calibration process is achieved, manual intervention is reduced, interference factors such as mechanical resonance and material shrinkage are compensated in real time, the calibration precision is improved, and the calibration time is shortened.

The 3D printer with the center pull-down stripping function comprises a workbench and a center stripping mechanism, a transmission mechanism is installed on the workbench, a printing platform is installed on the transmission mechanism, an air guide hole is formed in the printing platform, a model is bonded to the printing platform, a demolding hole communicated with the air guide hole is formed in the model, and the center stripping mechanism is installed on the center stripping mechanism. An adsorber of the center stripping mechanism can move between a working position and a parking position, when the adsorber is located at the working position, the adsorber can adsorb the release film right opposite to the air guide hole, and when the adsorber is located at the parking position, the adsorber is located on the outer side of the projection of the printing platform in the vertical direction. The invention further discloses a 3D printing method. And after printing of one curing layer is completed, the adsorber moves to a working position to adsorb the release film, so that the release film and the curing layer are stripped from inside to outside, meanwhile, the release film and the curing layer are stripped from outside to inside, a bidirectional stripping mode is formed, and the stripping speed and the printing speed are increased.

The invention relates to the technical field of 3D printing, in particular to a 3D printer nozzle motion control method, which can obtain an original printing track, and adopts a five-point Bezier curve to carry out smooth transition processing on corners between adjacent track sections; generating a speed plan of the nozzle in the smooth trajectory, wherein the speed plan comprises an acceleration stage, a uniform acceleration stage, a constant speed stage, a uniform deceleration stage and an acceleration and deceleration stage; calculating a speed plan of an E axis in direct proportion to the speed plan of the nozzle; and according to the speed plan of the spray head and the speed plan of the E axis, the 3D printer is controlled to execute 3D printing along the smooth track, and synchronous movement of the spray head and the extruder is achieved. It can be understood that according to the technical scheme shown by the invention, the corner is smoothed, the direction of the spray head cannot change suddenly, five-section speed planning is adopted, the acceleration of the spray head changes smoothly, meanwhile, the E axis and the speed of the spray head are coordinated, and the precision and efficiency of 3D printing are improved.

A three-dimensional (3D) printer includes a platform assembly on which a 3D object can be built, an extruder, a filament feeding assembly feeding a filament to the extruder, a movable nozzle receiving heated filament from the extruder in a flowable form and directing the flowable filament material on the platform assembly to create the 3D object, and a controlling circuit for controlling an operation of the 3D printer. The platform assembly may include first and second plates separated from one another, a plurality of elongated structures connecting the first and second plates to one another, and a plurality of post assemblies disposed between the first and second plates. The post assemblies may include posts that can be selectively raised and lowered to protrude over the plate, from among the first and second plates, on which the 3D object will be built to assist with the building process.

Disclosed are: a photocurable 3D printing composition, which is applied to a 3D printer to output a three-dimensional molded product; and a method for manufacturing a molded product with improved thermal stability by using same.

The invention relates to the field of sand mold 3D printers, in particular to a 3D printer two-way sand paving device which comprises a sand conveying device, a vibration device, a main sand scraping plate, an auxiliary sand scraping plate and a sand discharging plate which are arranged on a sand paving device cross beam, the sand conveying device fills a sand storage bin with sand entering from a sand adding opening, and the main sand scraping plate and the sand discharging plate are arranged in a staggered mode. After sand falls from the sand storage bin, a sand stacking slope is formed between the sand discharging plate and the main sand scraping plate, the vibration device drives the sand storage bin, the main sand scraping plate and the auxiliary sand scraping plate to vibrate through vibration to achieve uniform sand paving, and a connecting assembly is arranged between the main sand scraping plate and the auxiliary sand scraping plate. According to the bidirectional sand paving printing device of the 3D printer, the structure is simple, cleaning is convenient, rapid bidirectional sand paving is achieved under the condition that one sand discharging opening is used, the sand paving efficiency is doubled compared with one-way sand paving, the sand surface is rapidly solidified in combination with the heating device, the overall printing speed is increased, and the printing efficiency is improved. And meanwhile, the situation that printed products are poor due to insufficient curing can be reduced, and the percent of pass of the printed products is comprehensively improved.

A three-dimensional (3D) printer includes a platform assembly on which a 3D object can be built, an extruder, a filament feeding assembly feeding a filament to the extruder, a movable nozzle receiving heated filament from the extruder in a flowable form and directing the flowable filament material on the platform assembly to create the 3D object, and a controlling circuit for controlling an operation of the 3D printer. The platform assembly may include first and second plates separated from one another, a plurality of elongated structures connecting the first and second plates to one another, and a plurality of post assemblies disposed between the first and second plates. The post assemblies may include posts that can be selectively raised and lowered to protrude over the plate, from among the first and second plates, on which the 3D object will be built to assist with the building process.

The invention discloses an XR-based immersive three-dimensional modeling and straight-through 3D printing system and method, and the method comprises the steps: S1, collecting user input, and converting the user input into an interaction instruction; s2, generating three-dimensional model data; s3, superposing the three-dimensional model into a real physical environment according to a proportion of 1: 1, and outputting a virtual-real fusion display result; s4, performing printability analysis on the model, marking a problem area, guiding a user to modify and providing an automatic repair suggestion; s5, generating a support structure, and providing visual preview and interactive editing; s6, slicing and path planning are executed, and a printing instruction file meeting the control requirement of the 3D printer is generated; s7, communication connection with the 3D printer is established, and printing state information is fed back; and S8, providing storage and calling support of the three-dimensional model file, parameter configuration and environment map data. According to the invention, seamless integration of immersive XR modeling, MR real-time verification and one-key direct-through 3D printing is realized.

The present invention relates to: a photocurable restoration composition comprising a ceramic composition; and a dental prosthesis using a 3D printer. More specifically, the present invention relates to: a photocurable restoration composition comprising a silane-treated ceramic composition; and a dental prosthesis manufactured using the photocurable restoration composition by using a 3D printer. According to the present invention, it is possible to obtain a dental prosthesis having improved gloss, excellent thermal resistance and hardness, and improved uniformity and reliability.

A light beam attenuation unit, comprising a collecting cylinder (110), a cooling sleeve (120), a beam splitting cone (130), and a cooling cylinder (140), wherein a first taper angle part (132) is arranged at the front end of the beam splitting cone (130), a first threaded part (111) is arranged on an inner wall of the collecting cylinder (110), the collecting cylinder (110) is connected to the beam splitting cone (130), the first taper angle part (132) is located inside the collecting cylinder (110), the cooling sleeve (120) is fitted outside the collecting cylinder (110), a blind hole is formed in the beam splitting cone (130), the cooling cylinder (140) is placed in the blind hole and is connected to the beam splitting cone (130), a first liquid inlet channel (141) is provided inside the cooling cylinder (140), and the beam splitting cone (130) is provided with a first liquid outlet (134) communicated with the first liquid inlet channel (141). During a laser attenuation process, the heat dissipation is good, and the overall structure is simple. The present invention further relates to a light beam attenuation device and a 3D printer optical path element detection device.

Inkjet print head (1) for selectively dosing a liquid (F) dropwise in a 3D printer, the inkjet print head (1) comprising: - an inkjet printing module (100) for selectively dosing the liquid (F) dropwise, the inkjet printing module (100) comprising: ▪ a liquid inlet (110) for supplying the liquid (F) into the inkjet printing module (100); ▪ at least one nozzle (120) for dispensing a metered drop of the liquid (FT) in the 3D printer; ▪ and a liquid return (130) for returning a return medium (R) from the inkjet printing module (100), comprising at least one liquid return capillary (131) for returning the return medium (M) from the nozzle (120), wherein the return medium (R) comprises the liquid (F) and / or a disturbing medium (S), in particular air (L) and / or particles (P) taken up into the nozzle (120) from the 3D printer; - a liquid tank (200) for holding the liquid (F) and for supplying the liquid inlet (110) of the inkjet printing module (100) with the liquid (F), wherein the liquid tank (200) comprises: ▪ a liquid supply (210) for supplying liquid (F) to the liquid tank (200); ▪ a vacuum connection (230) for applying a vacuum (U), in particular at the liquid tank (200), wherein a meniscus equilibrium pressure (MGD) in the nozzle (120) can be set as a result of the vacuum (U), by means of which an uncontrolled escape of the liquid (F) from the nozzle (120) and / or an uncontrolled suction of the interfering medium (S) from the 3D printer into the nozzle (120) is prevented; ▪ and a return liquid supply (240) for returning liquid (F) from the inkjet printing module (100) via the liquid return (130) into the liquid tank (200); - and a return pump (300) for pumping the return medium (R) from the inkjet printing module (100) via the liquid return (130) into the return liquid supply (240); wherein a pulsation damper (400) is arranged between the return pump (300) and the liquid return (130).

The utility model discloses a hot bed and a 3D printer, and relates to the technical field of 3D printing, the hot bed comprises a printing platform, a support frame and a locking assembly, the printing platform is provided with a printing plane used for bearing a printing piece; the supporting frame is arranged on the side, back to the printing plane, of the printing platform, the supporting frame and the printing platform are arranged at intervals in the first direction and elastically connected through an elastic piece, and the first direction is perpendicular to the printing plane; the locking assembly is arranged on the printing platform and provided with a friction face abutting against the supporting frame, the friction face is parallel to the first direction, friction force parallel to the first direction exists between the friction face and the supporting frame, and the friction force is used for limiting relative movement of the printing platform and the supporting frame in the first direction. According to the technical scheme, the connecting structure of the hot bed is simplified, and the leveling efficiency of the hot bed is improved.

The clay 3D printer comprises a water supply mechanism, when water needs to be supplied to an extrusion mechanism, a first one-way valve is opened, a piston rod moves in the direction away from a conduction valve, water in a water supply bin flows into a water injection cavity, then the first one-way valve is closed, a second one-way valve is opened, and the water outlet amount is controlled. A piston rod moves in the direction close to a communicating valve, so that water in a water injection cavity flows into a water outlet pipeline through a water outlet channel, a clay raw material in an extrusion assembly and the water are mixed and stirred to form a clay material for 3D printing, and water can be conveniently supplied to the extrusion assembly; and the water storage amount in the water injection cavity each time is controlled through the driving air cylinder with the adjustable stroke, so that the quality of the clay 3D printing product is more stable.

The utility model discloses a hot bed leveling supporting structure which comprises a base, a heating plate, a rotary connecting assembly and a fixed connecting assembly, the rotary connecting assembly and the fixed connecting assembly are connected with the base and the heating plate, and the heating plate can rotate around the rotary connecting assembly in the horizontal direction. By arranging the rotary connecting assembly and the fixed connecting assembly, the heating plate can rotate around the rotary connecting assembly, the distance between the heating plate and the base is kept unchanged, the positions of the heating plate and the base are fixed through the fixed connecting assembly, and leveling of the heating plate is achieved.

Disclosed in the present application are a task management method for a 3D printer, and a 3D printing system. The method comprises: acquiring task information of a task to be migrated, wherein said task is at least one printing task which is not completed when a faulty printer in a three-dimensional printing scenario sends an anomaly signal; on the basis of the task information and a target migration strategy, determining a target printer from among a plurality of candidate printers, wherein the target migration strategy is used for matching the target printer for said task; and sending the task information to the target printer, and adding said task to a task sequence of the target printer. The present application solves the technical problems in the related art of low efficiency, high costs and high risk of printing production task delay of a solution that depends on manpower for performing task migration processing when a printing task is abnormal.

The invention relates to the technical field of 3D printing equipment monitoring, and discloses a flow monitoring method and system for a wire feeding mechanism of a 3D printer, and the method comprises the steps: collecting current signal data of a wire feeding motor drive unit, and carrying out the preprocessing of the current signal data; performing time-frequency analysis on the standardized current characteristic data by using a multi-scale signal analysis algorithm, outputting a high-dimensional current characteristic set, and establishing a characteristic fault mapping relation; a multi-model fault analysis system is adopted to process the high-dimensional current feature set, and fault analysis and positioning are carried out; a progressive three-level early warning mechanism and flow monitoring are realized, and a current flow mapping model is established; continuously optimizing the flow model and the fault identification model, and establishing a dynamically updated fault feature library; wire feeding flow monitoring can be achieved without an additional sensor, and system cost and complexity are reduced.