The invention discloses a sewage treatment aeration control system, which comprises an inlet water quality sensor, an inlet water flow sensor, an outlet water COD sensor, an aeration tank NH4-N sensor, an MLSS sensor, a dissolved oxygen (DO) sensor, a liquid level sensor, a pressure sensor, an air volume regulating valve, a flowmeter, a PLC, an upper computer, a blast blower, a data server and a blast blower control cabinet. The PLC is used for sending inlet water quality data, inlet water flow data, outlet water COD data, NH4-N data, MLSS data, a DO value, liquid level data, pressure data, the regulating valve opening degree and air volume data to the upper computer and regulating the opening degree of the flow regulating valve according to first data transmitted back by the upper computer; and the blast blower control cabinet is used for controlling the blast blower according to second data transmitted back by the upper computer. According to the sewage treatment aeration control system, the sewage treatment outlet water quality and the aeration rate needed by blast aeration can be automatically predicted, the blast blower and the air volume regulating valve are automatically regulated according to prediction results, and it is guaranteed that the outlet water quality is stable and reaches the standard.