31 results about "Fire point" patented technology

The invention relates to the technical field of fire remote sensing application, and particularly discloses a method suitable for wind cloud satellite fire remote sensing application, and the method specifically comprises the following steps: 1, data preprocessing: obtaining wind cloud satellite fire original data, and carrying out the comprehensive preprocessing of the wind cloud satellite fire original data; step 2, identification model construction: based on radiation transmission and fire point spectral characteristics, establishing an identification model in combination with multi-spectral channel data; and inversion: inversing parameters of fire point temperature and area based on a thermal radiation transmission theory and multi-channel data. All-weather and high-time-efficiency fire monitoring is achieved, dynamic fire monitoring data are obtained in real time, the monitoring range is wide, the time frequency is high, the accuracy is high, the core area of a fire scene is accurately positioned through the hyperspectral monitoring technology, key data support is provided for rescue, and the rescue efficiency is improved. According to the recognition model, wind cloud satellite fire remote sensing is applied to fire dynamic monitoring and evaluation, fire emergency drilling, fire dynamic early warning and fire plan.

The invention relates to the technical field of artificial intelligence and fire monitoring, and provides an underground pipe gallery fire extinguishing method and system.The fire extinguishing method comprises the steps that a next behavior decision sequence is determined according to current fire behavior spreading information, current fire behavior information, the respective current fire extinguisher position of at least one target fire extinguisher and the current ignition point position of an ignition point; generating a next control instruction according to the next behavior decision sequence; a next behavior decision sequence is sent to the movable sliding rails where the at least one target fire extinguisher is located, and the next behavior decision sequence is used for controlling the movable sliding rails where the at least one target fire extinguisher is located to slide along the fixed rail according to the next driving parameter indicated by the next motion control parameter. And driving the at least one target fire extinguisher to slide, so that the at least one target fire extinguisher extinguishes the ignition point.

The invention relates to the technical field of forest fire emergency disposal, in particular to a helicopter-borne forest fire automatic identifying, positioning and extinguishing method and system. The method comprises the following steps: identifying infrared suspected fire points according to meteorological conditions and a space-time weight matrix; analyzing the probability of the open fire and the smoke by using the spectral response difference of the open fire and the smoke in different wavebands; generating a high-confidence three-dimensional fire point list based on a D-S evidence theory in combination with the infrared suspected fire point, the open fire and smoke probability, the combustion intensity and the live wire intensity; constructing a multi-objective optimization model, and solving a to-be-extinguished line and a region priority list in combination with the multi-objective optimization model, fire scene topographic feature parameters, fire line spreading features and the high-confidence three-dimensional fire point list; and generating or adjusting a flight route and a fire extinguishing instruction through a model prediction control framework based on a delivery window, the high-confidence three-dimensional fire point list and the to-be-extinguished line and area priority list.

The invention discloses a mechanical trigger type active fire extinguishing power distribution cabinet, and relates to the technical field of power distribution cabinets, the power distribution cabinet comprises a cabinet body, a mounting rack and a clamping rail, the mounting rack comprises two vertical plates fixedly connected in the cabinet body and a plurality of transverse plates fixedly connected between the two vertical plates, and the clamping rail is mounted on the mounting rack through screws. The clamping rails are used for mounting electronic elements; the fire extinguisher is provided with an execution component, and the execution component is used for controlling the fire extinguisher to work; the lifting component is used for controlling the fire extinguisher to descend. The multiple sensing parts are arranged to correspond to the multiple areas of the mounting frame, real-time monitoring of the temperature conditions of all the areas is achieved, targeted fire extinguishing operation is achieved, gravitational potential energy is used as a power source, core actions such as lifting, translation and spraying triggering do not need electric power support, and even if a circuit is completely damaged due to a fire disaster, the fire extinguishing effect is good. And the fire extinguishing device can still accurately move to a fire point through a mechanical structure to complete fire extinguishing.

The present application relates to the technical field of forest fire emergency disposal, in particular to a helicopter-borne forest fire automatic identification positioning and extinguishing method and system. The method comprises the following steps: identifying infrared suspected fire points according to meteorological conditions and a space-time weight matrix; analyzing open fire and smoke probability by using the spectral response difference of open fire and smoke in different wave bands; generating a high-confidence three-dimensional fire point list based on D-S evidence theory in combination with the infrared suspected fire points, the open fire and smoke probability, and the burning intensity and fire line strength; constructing a multi-objective optimization model, and solving a to-be-extinguished fire line and a regional priority list in combination with the multi-objective optimization model, fire field terrain feature parameters, fire line spread characteristics, and the high-confidence three-dimensional fire point list; and generating or adjusting a flight route and an extinguishing instruction through a model predictive control framework based on a throwable window, the high-confidence three-dimensional fire point list, the to-be-extinguished fire line and regional priority list.

The utility model relates to the technical field of containers, and discloses a container built-in fire-fighting pipeline structure which comprises a box body frame, a fire-fighting spraying mechanism and a spraying adjusting mechanism, a groove is formed in the top of the box body frame, and a through hole is formed in the bottom in the groove of the box body frame. By arranging the fire-fighting spraying mechanism and the spraying adjusting mechanism, fire can be quickly extinguished through the sprayers arranged at all points in the box body frame under the condition that the fire occurs in the box body frame, the fire can be extinguished under the condition that the box door cannot be opened, the diffusion of dense smoke can be effectively reduced, and the fire extinguishing efficiency is improved. And through the spraying adjusting mechanism, the position of water sprayed by the spraying heads can be driven to be changed, so that the water sprayed by the multiple groups of spraying heads is aligned to the fire point position, the efficiency of extinguishing the fire point in the box body frame is improved, and the loss caused by goods is reduced.

The present application relates to the technical field of escape route analysis, and discloses a dynamic three-dimensional escape route generation method based on a fire point, comprising: acquiring temperature data, smoke data, train state data and a three-dimensional space structure in a target site in real time, analyzing the preprocessed temperature data, smoke data and train data to obtain three-dimensional coordinates of the fire point and a fire situation-train coupling risk factor, and the target site being a subway station; capturing flow field changes through a three-dimensional transient wind flow field intensity atlas, and finally constructing a dynamic risk avoidance traffic atlas and generating an escape route in combination with regional smoke condition adaptive weight values and exit dynamic evacuation efficiency values, wherein the route generation process is real-time adaptive to dynamic changes of the flow field, smoke and personnel distribution, which ensures route safety and also takes into account evacuation efficiency, and effectively avoids route failure caused by flow field or smoke mutation.

The present application relates to the technical field of monitoring or controlling charging stations, and in particular to a charging pile safety monitoring method and system, comprising the following steps: step 1, monitoring phase; step 2, primary feedback; step 3, traceability analysis phase, determining the fire point and the fire cause; step 3.1, on-site situation extraction; step 3.2, fire point analysis, based on image features, when the pixels in the image satisfy the condition of brightness L>L thresh and color in C range , the area where the pixels are located is determined as a suspected flame area F; the present application realizes accurate and comprehensive monitoring and safety warning through the real-time collection of data by multiple sensors in all directions. Through traceability analysis, the fire point and the cause can be quickly and clearly determined, and the responsibility can be defined. The primary feedback timely alarms and assists in judgment, and the secondary feedback is targeted based on the traceability results, the double feedback mechanism optimizes the emergency process, improves the user experience, and comprehensively safeguards the operation safety of the charging pile.

The application provides a fire point automatic identification method of an intelligent charging station, comprising: grouping each section according to thermal radiation intensity and measured thickness of a smoke layer, identifying an abnormal area of accumulated thickness of a vortex stagnation of a beam recess in each section; obtaining smoke layer deposition thickness distribution data, classifying thermal radiation intensity attenuation of the beam recess position according to the smoke layer deposition thickness distribution data, generating an attenuation distribution diagram, and identifying a potential fire point shielding area in a smoke exhaust path; according to the potential fire point shielding area, extracting a beam recess smoke layer shielding rate with a longer stagnation time from the smoke layer thickness distribution diagram, rechecking the smoke layer shielding rate in combination with the vortex stagnation time of the beam recess and the beam recess spacing, obtaining a rechecked thermal radiation intensity distribution sequence; and according to the rechecked thermal radiation intensity distribution sequence, iteratively updating thermal radiation attenuation characteristics along the slope under the influence of the ceiling slope angle, and determining a real fire point position coordinate under the smoke layer shielding.

The invention provides a magnesium alloy ignition point coupling judgment method and system under a flame condition, and belongs to the technical field of material performance testing. The method comprises the following steps: heating a magnesium alloy sample under a flame heating condition; driving a temperature measuring probe to penetrate into the sample at a preset moment so as to penetrate through a surface oxidation film of the sample, and obtaining the real temperature of the melt in the sample; and performing space-time coupling matching on the change of the real temperature and the visual information of the sample state so as to determine the ignition point of the magnesium alloy. The invention also provides a system for realizing the method. The system comprises a flame heating unit, a dynamic temperature measurement unit and a signal acquisition and judgment unit. The real temperature of the melt is obtained by dynamically puncturing the oxide film, so that the problem of temperature measurement distortion caused by heat insulation of the oxide film is fundamentally solved; and in combination with a time-space coupling judgment criterion of temperature jump and combustion expansion behaviors, dual confirmation of the ignition point is realized, interference is effectively eliminated, and accuracy, reliability and repeatability of ignition point data are ensured.

The invention relates to the field of photovoltaic fire monitoring, and discloses a roof distributed photovoltaic power generation fire monitoring and early warning method, which comprises the following steps: acquiring infrared radiation data in each monitoring area in real time through a thermal imaging camera deployed in the monitoring area, identifying an abnormal thermal event in the monitoring area, and sending the abnormal thermal event to the monitoring area; generating an equipment fault warning signal and a suspected fire point mark, controlling a thermal imaging camera to perform fire point positioning scanning on a corresponding area through a holder, and then performing ignition point judgment; according to the invention, by dividing the monitoring area and setting dual criteria of the temperature threshold and the fire source feature, the system executes two sets of analysis logics of equipment fault early warning and fire detection in parallel, and when the temperature of the monitoring area exceeds the heat-resistant threshold of the equipment, fault warning is triggered; and when a high-temperature area conforming to the morphological characteristics of the fire source appears in the thermal image, the high-temperature area is marked as a suspected fire point, so that the labor division mechanism not only ensures the sensitive perception of local faults of the component, but also reduces the false alarm rate of ambient temperature fluctuation.

The utility model provides an automatic fire-fighting device for a wind power fan, which comprises a fan motor and a temperature monitoring module, the temperature monitoring module is mounted on the surface of the fan motor, the output end of the temperature monitoring module is unidirectionally connected with a host, the output end of the host is unidirectionally connected with a water valve, and the water valve is mounted on a water supply pipe passage. The water mist spraying device has the advantages that water mist is sprayed towards a fire point or the root of a flame, and the conical water mist is wide in coverage area and can go deep into a fire source to quickly reduce the temperature of the fire point and restrain fire spreading. And meanwhile, the carbon dioxide jet head jets linear carbon dioxide airflow to surround the fan motor to form an effective isolation barrier to prevent external oxygen from entering the fire scene, so that a combustion chain is cut off, and continuous combustion of a fire point is prevented. And external oxygen is effectively isolated to prevent continuous combustion of a fire point, so that fire extinguishing of the fire point of the motor is well and quickly realized.

This invention relates to the field of water cannon technology and discloses a housing. The housing is embedded in the ceiling and flush with the ceiling finish. An infrared thermal imaging scanner is used to measure the coordinates of the heat source and the area covered by open flame in the monitored area in real time and transmit the information to the main control chip. The housing is equipped with a lifting component, a rotating dual-water-path spray component, and a water outlet delay component. The lifting component is used to drive the rotating dual-water-path spray component to move up and down in the vertical direction. The rotating dual-water-path spray component has two working modes: single-point direct fire extinguishing and direct fire + ring spray composite fire extinguishing. The main control chip adjusts the fire extinguishing mode of the dual-water-path spray component according to the number of fire points and the area covered by open flame. The water outlet delay component is connected to the dual-water-path spray component and supplies water only when the dual-water-path spray component uses the composite fire extinguishing mode. The water outlet delay component is used to control the release of spray water and extend the release time.

The invention discloses a spherical screen building fire fighting system and method based on fire perception and intelligent smoke exhaust. The method is used in fire-fighting technical field. The method comprises the following steps: carrying out smoke detection on a large-range space through the linear light beam smoke detector, and generating a fire alarm signal; the control module receives the fire alarm signal; according to the alarm signal, a corresponding fire extinguishing device in the fire extinguishing execution module is started in a linkage mode; the automatic tracking and positioning jet fire extinguishing device responds to a starting instruction, positions a fire point and sprays water to extinguish fire; when the environment temperature reaches a preset temperature sensing contact, the superfine dry powder fire extinguishing hanging ball triggers and releases the superfine dry powder fire extinguishing agent.

The invention provides a fire detection and positioning embedded system in a high and large space and a method thereof. The method comprises the steps that a first image sensor and a second image sensor collect video streams of a surrounding environment in real time; the first image processing module converts a received video stream to generate first binocular image data; the second image processing module corrects the first binocular image data through a calibration method to obtain second binocular image data; the fire extinguishing module starts a fire extinguishing mechanism according to the spatial three-dimensional coordinates of the fire points; the fire point display module displays the image information around the fire point in real time according to the coordinates of the fire point, and the embedded system for flame target positioning in the tall and large space can accurately and efficiently recognize and position flames in the tall and large space, so that serious loss caused by fire disasters is effectively prevented.

1. The name of the design product: fire alarm control device for energy storage power station. 2. The use of the design product: the design product is used for detecting fire and detecting the location of the fire point, and controlling the spraying of fire extinguishing agent. 3. The design points of the design product: in shape. 4. The picture or photo that best indicates the design points: perspective view 1.

The invention belongs to the field of fire fighting, and particularly relates to a method for positioning fire in a tunnel based on overlapped view fields of front and rear cameras and a fire fighting system. According to the scheme, a group of thermal infrared cameras arranged at the head end and the tail end of each section of a tunnel are used for collecting thermal infrared video streams, and framing images of the video streams are input into a flame detection model for fire point recognition and segmentation. After flames are detected, extracting flame areas synchronously recognized in the two images and coordinate information of central points of the flame areas, and determining real coordinates of the fire points according to relative positions of the fire points in the images in a geometric inversion mode; the obtained fire point position information can assist a tunnel fire-fighting system to realize linkage control of spraying equipment, fan equipment, sound-light alarm equipment, broadcasting equipment and the like, so that early discovery, real-time sensing, accurate positioning and automatic response of fire points in a tunnel are realized. According to the invention, the problems of recognition lag and difficult positioning in the existing in-tunnel fire monitoring scheme are solved.

The invention discloses a small-flame critical low-temperature adjustment and repair operation method for a stainless steel vehicle body of a railway vehicle, which comprises the following steps of: performing critical-temperature low-temperature point-to-point adjustment and repair on an adjustment and repair position by using a flame spray gun and adopting small flame, and then finishing integral adjustment and repair from point to surface; the method comprises the steps that 1, the contact distance between flame of a flame spray gun and a to-be-adjusted stainless steel plate is controlled, and the outer flame position of the flame tip makes contact with the stainless steel plate; 2, observing the color change of the heated stainless steel plate, measuring the temperature by matching with a temperature measuring gun, and controlling the temperature value to be 300-360 DEG C; step 3, a wooden hammer is used for slightly hitting, the hitting is uniform, the force is not too strong, hitting is carried out from the periphery of the baking point to the center of the baking point, and the hitting mode adopts multi-point hitting on the circumference; 4, after the step 3 is completed, watering and chilling are conducted immediately, water is directly poured to the position of a warming point, and the temperature of the center of the stainless steel plate is drastically reduced; and 5, the fire points are adjusted and repaired to be distributed from the center fire point of the protrusion to the periphery in a radial shape till the flatness of the bulge of the stainless steel plate meets the technological requirement.

The invention relates to the technical field of escape route analysis, and discloses a fire point-based dynamic three-dimensional escape route generation method, which comprises the following steps of: acquiring temperature data, smoke data, train state data and a three-dimensional space structure in a target place in real time, analyzing the preprocessed temperature data, smoke data and train data, and generating a fire point-based dynamic three-dimensional escape route; the three-dimensional coordinates of a fire point and a fire-train coupling risk factor are obtained, and the target place is a subway station; flow field changes are captured through a three-dimensional transient air flow field intensity map, finally, a dynamic risk avoiding passing map is constructed, an escape route is generated in combination with a regional smoke condition adaptation weight value and an exit dynamic evacuation efficiency value, the route generation process adapts to dynamic changes of the flow field, smoke and personnel distribution in real time, route safety is ensured, evacuation efficiency is also considered, and the evacuation efficiency is improved. And route failure caused by sudden change of a flow field or smoke is effectively avoided.

The invention discloses a fire radiation power open-air straw combustion emission calculation method and a related device, and relates to the technical field of atmospheric pollutant emission monitoring, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining multi-source remote sensing data; performing fire point fusion, space-time clustering and platform attribution judgment processing on the multi-source remote sensing data to generate a fire point data set with a unified reference; based on the fire point data set, fire radiation energy is calculated through a fire radiation energy calculation method, and a fire radiation energy data set is obtained; according to the fire radiation energy data set, calculating the pollutant discharge amount, and obtaining the discharge amount of various pollutants of each fire point; and according to the discharge amount of various pollutants of each fire point, pollutant discharge amount space distribution is carried out, and a grid-level pollutant discharge space distribution result is output. According to the invention, large-range real-time monitoring can be realized, and the precision and efficiency of open-air straw combustion emission amount accounting can be improved.

This invention discloses a method for precise tracking of fire ignition points based on distributed optical fibers, specifically relating to the field of fire monitoring and safety early warning technology. The method involves acquiring the initial temperature distribution sequence along the optical fiber and periodically collecting temperature data during monitoring. Temperature anomaly segments are identified based on the temperature increment distribution, and the temperature rise gradient characteristics and spatial diffusion width characteristics of these anomaly segments are extracted. The asymmetric temperature rise gradient coefficient and thermal diffusion offset index are calculated to construct an anomaly feature set. A thermal diffusion evolution model is constructed based on this feature set, and reverse heat source fitting calculations are performed on the temperature anomaly segments to obtain a set of candidate ignition point locations. Trajectory correlation analysis is conducted on the candidate ignition point locations at multiple consecutive time points, and the point with the smallest spatial drift and continuously increasing temperature rise is selected as the target ignition point. This invention can effectively suppress positioning deviations caused by thermal diffusion and environmental disturbances, achieving precise identification and dynamic tracking of early fire source locations in complex environments.

The application relates to a radiation calibration method and device of a spaceborne fire point sensor. The method comprises the following steps: based on actual latitude and longitude information of a plurality of known targets, running orbit information of a satellite and an installation matrix of the fire point sensor on the satellite, generating a calibration task of each known target in sequence; acquiring medium-wave radiance and long-wave radiance of each known target; wherein the medium-wave radiance and the long-wave radiance of each known target are obtained by a detector of the fire point sensor based on corresponding calibration tasks and corresponding known targets; based on the medium-wave radiance and the long-wave radiance, calculating medium-wave brightness temperature and long-wave brightness temperature of each known target; based on actual temperatures, medium-wave brightness temperatures and long-wave brightness temperatures of any three known targets, calculating an actual calibration coefficient of the detector; and based on the actual calibration coefficient, calculating a temperature of a to-be-detected target. The method can accurately calculate the temperature of the to-be-detected target and reduce the false alarm rate.

The present application relates to a kind of based on double mode image dynamic inversion's straw burning emission automation quantification method, belong to atmospheric environmental monitoring and agricultural non-point source pollution control field.Wherein, the method includes: the form of burning plume is extracted by visible light image, diffusion and spectral characteristics, constructs detection dataset, and in three-dimensional scene mark suspected fire point;Combining spectral emissivity parameter and multi-view stereo vision technology, temperature field reconstruction and heat flux calculation are carried out, confirm fire point and introduce meteorological data to predict fire spread trend;Through plot-crop correlation model, the type of straw is identified and emission factor is obtained, the influence of topography and soil on burning is analyzed, the effect of topography on pollutant diffusion is quantified, and time series dataset is established;Regional diffusion model is constructed, real-time emission is calculated and pollutant spatio-temporal diffusion process is simulated, and dynamic visual emission list is generated.The accurate detection and automation quantification of straw burning emission are realized.

The present application relates to the technical field of artificial intelligence and fire monitoring, and provides an underground pipe gallery fire extinguishing method and system, which comprises the following steps: determining a next behavior decision sequence according to current fire spread information, current fire information, current positions of at least one target fire extinguisher, and a current fire point position of a fire point; generating a next control instruction according to the next behavior decision sequence; and sending the next behavior decision sequence to a movable slide rail where each of the at least one target fire extinguisher is located, wherein the next behavior decision sequence is used to control the movable slide rail where each of the at least one target fire extinguisher is located to slide along a fixed track according to a next running parameter indicated by a next motion control parameter, so as to drive the at least one target fire extinguisher to slide, so that the at least one target fire extinguisher extinguishes the fire at the fire point.

A method, device, medium, and program product for fire point identification based on geostationary satellites, relating to the field of early fire warning. Points where the difference between the brightness temperature of a suspected fire point and the background brightness temperature is below a preset threshold are identified as critical fire points. For newly appearing critical fire points, the method captures the unique temperature change characteristics of the fire point by analyzing the difference between its brightness temperature change rate and the background change rate. For critical fire points that have appeared before, the method effectively identifies the dynamic evolution characteristics of the fire point by constructing a high-temperature region and analyzing the time-series variation of its morphological measurement parameters. This multi-dimensional judgment mechanism, combining time-varying rate analysis and spatial morphological evolution analysis, improves the sensitivity of identifying initial fires and small-scale fire points while maintaining a low false alarm rate, providing more reliable technical support for early fire warning.

The invention relates to a straw incineration emission automatic quantification method based on dual-mode image dynamic inversion, and belongs to the field of atmospheric environment monitoring and agricultural non-point source pollution control. The method comprises the following steps: extracting the form, diffusion and spectral characteristics of incineration smoke plume through a visible light image, constructing a detection data set, and marking suspected fire points in a three-dimensional scene; performing temperature field reconstruction and heat flux calculation by combining spectral emissivity parameters and a multi-view stereoscopic vision technology, confirming a fire point and introducing meteorological data to predict a fire spreading trend; the method comprises the steps that straw types are recognized through a plot-crop correlation model, emission factors are obtained, influences of terrains and soil on incineration are analyzed, the effect of the terrains on pollutant diffusion is quantified, and a time sequence data set is established; and constructing a regional diffusion model, calculating the real-time emission amount, simulating the space-time diffusion process of pollutants, and generating a dynamic visual emission list. Accurate detection and automatic quantification of straw incineration emission are achieved.

The invention discloses a multi-source sensing early fire point judgment method and system, and relates to the technical field of fire monitoring and early warning. The method comprises the following steps: dividing a three-dimensional grid, mapping visible light, infrared light, smoke, gas, temperature and humidity according to imaging geometry and sensor positions, and adding a time index to form multi-source data; calculating a mountain wind gallery coupling coefficient according to the elevation difference, the range, the prevailing wind direction and the wind speed amplification amount; extracting a brightness fluctuation quantity and a temperature polymerization quantity to obtain an apparent heat abnormal quantity, and combining the smoke gas increment and a drying temperature rise index to obtain an environment abnormal quantity; and determining the position of an early fire point region according to the comprehensive fire point judgment quantity and the threshold connectivity. Multi-source sensing data are uniformly fused on a three-dimensional grid, a mountain wind gallery coupling coefficient is introduced to describe the relation between the terrain and a wind field, and a comprehensive fire point judgment quantity under the synergistic effect of vision, thermal radiation and environmental abnormality is constructed, so that fine positioning and stable recognition of early fire points in a complex mountain environment are realized.

The application provides a charging station intelligent fire extinguishing device and method. The device comprises a control module, a thermal imager arranged above a charging area and a water cannon module, the thermal imager being connected with the control module; the thermal imager detects the temperature condition of the charging area in real time, forms a thermal image and sends the thermal image to the control module; the control module partitions the thermal image according to charging positions, and the control module stores the water outlet spray angle corresponding to each charging position or a water outlet spray angle calculation method; the control module locates the charging position with excessively high temperature according to the thermal image sent by the thermal imager, adjusts the water outlet angle of the water cannon module to the water outlet spray angle corresponding to the charging position, and controls the water cannon module to spray water to the charging position. The charging station intelligent fire extinguishing device improves the angle accuracy of water spraying, has high precision and fast response speed, and can aim at the fire point for fire extinguishing or temperature reduction in a very short time.

1. Name of the designed product: multi-spectrum fire point detector. 2. Use of the designed product: the designed product is used for fire point and electric arc detecting equipment. 3. Design points of the designed product: the overall shape of the designed product. 4. Picture or photo best indicating the design points: perspective view.