The invention provides a fire extinguishing and cooling system of a prefabricated cabin type electrochemical energy storage station based on liquid nitrogen. The system comprises a liquid nitrogen pump, a liquid nitrogen storage tank, a liquid nitrogen vacuum tube, an ultra-low temperature electromagnetic valve, a remote controller, a spray head, a pressure gauge and a hose, and a battery rack isfurther arranged in a prefabricated cabin. According to the system, the system is arranged in a prefabricated cabin, liquid nitrogen can be sprayed to batteries in the prefabricated cabin after fire is caused by thermal runaway of the lithium ion batteries, the liquid nitrogen is vaporized into nitrogen, the volume is rapidly expanded, the oxygen concentration around the batteries is reduced, flames cannot be maintained, and fire extinguishing is further realized. Meanwhile, liquid nitrogen vaporization can absorb a large amount of heat, after acting on the surfaces of the batteries, the surface temperature of the batteries is effectively reduced, the batteries are cooled, and thermal runaway propagation among the batteries is prevented. Finally, due to the fact that a large amount of nitrogen is accumulated in the prefabricated cabin, the concentration and the temperature of combustible gas generated due to the thermal runaway of the batteries are reduced, and the occurrence of reburning of the batteries is inhibited.