The invention relates to an unsteady cavitation flow-excited vibration multi-field synchronous measurement system for a water tunnel experiment and belongs to the ship and underwater vehicle engineering and water conservancy and hydropower engineering technology field. The system is composed of an experimental section, an experimental model, a high-speed camera, a synchronous trigger switch, a laser Doppler vibration meter, a data acquisition instrument, a data processing system/computer and display assembly and a light source. According to the system of the invention, rising edge voltage signals are generated through the synchronous trigger switch, trigger signals are controlled by using the voltage signals, and therefore, the signal acquisition starting instructions of the high-speed camera and the laser Doppler vibration meter are controlled quantitatively and precisely, and the quantitative and accurate synchronous measurement of an unsteady cavitation flow field and a structure field can be realized; and data obtained through multi-physical field synchronous acquisition are subjected to preprocessing, time-domain analysis, frequency-domain analysis and time-frequency analysis,and therefore, reliable analysis experimental data can be provided for the study of fluid-structure interaction characteristics.