The invention discloses a product for performing assisted prediction on postoperative survival time length of an esophageal squamous carcinoma patient. The product comprises substances for detecting 178 miRNA expression quantity substances comprising hsa-miR-218-5p, hsa-miR-142-3p, hsa-miR-150-5p and hsa-miR-205-5p, and records a carrier with the diagnostic criteria and functional expressions as follows: if 0.94dig is less than dip, the postoperative survival time of the esophageal squamous carcinoma patient to be tested is more than 5 years, and if the 0.94dig is more than or equal to dip, the postoperative survival time of the esophageal squamous carcinoma patient to be tested is less than 5 years. After the result of the postoperative survival time of the esophageal squamous carcinoma patient is predicted by using the product, more accurate and effective treatment is adopted, and the patient condition can be effectively improved. In addition, the medicine which influences the expression quantities of hsa-miR-218-5p, hsa-miR-142-3p, hsa-miR-150-5p and hsa-miR-205-5p can be used for treating the esophageal squamous carcinoma.