The invention discloses a high-power downhole electromagnetic pulse transmission device which comprises a ground instrument and a downhole instrument. The core of the ground instrument is an industrial personal computer and consists of a depth/magnetic mark/global position system (GPS) signal recording module, a Manchester coding and decoding module and a cable driving module; the depth/magnetic mark/GPS signal recording module and the Manchester coding and decoding module are connected with the industrial personal computer respectively through two serial ports; based on the principle of phantom power supply, the cable driving module is connected with the downhole instrument by a cable; the downhole instrument is sequentially provided with an alternating-current boost module, an energy-storage capacitor, a transmitting coil, a data acquisition module, a high-voltage discharging switch and a controller manipulated by a computer; and the ground instrument supplies power to the downhole instrument through the cable. By the high-power downhole electromagnetic pulse transmission device, magnetic field pulse excitation with instantaneous high power can be realized in a cased well, full time-interval data during transmitting wave forms and receiving signals in a well is recorded, and an observation system is provided for a downhole electromagnetic detection method which is used for evaluating and developing the distribution state of remaining oil in an oil storage layer.