66 results about "Tear secretion" patented technology

The invention provides a composition which comprises two components, and the component A comprises lutein; and the component B comprises a berry fruit extract containing anthocyanin. The composition has the effects of eliminating free radicals, resisting oxidation, protecting eyes, inhibiting tear secretion reduction, relieving eyestrain and eye dryness, relieving ciliary muscle tension, repairing retina, preventing and controlling ocular axes, protecting eyesight, preventing myopia, improving eye microcirculation, improving couperose skin and the like.

The invention belongs to the field of biological medicine, and particularly relates to bifidobacterium bifidum and application of the bifidobacterium bifidum in eye health products, and the bifidobacterium bifidum BB00 has the preservation number of CGMCC (China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center) No.34389. The invention further discloses a preparation method of the bifidobacterium bifidum. The bifidobacterium bifidum BB00 can improve clinical symptoms of xerophthalmia, increase tear secretion amount, prolong tear film rupture time, reduce ocular surface disease indexes, relieve corneal epithelium injury, adjust the opening degree of palpebral fissure, adjust intestinal flora composition, improve flora diversity and inhibit growth of intestinal pathogenic bacteria. The bifidobacterium bifidum BB00 not only provides an innovative solution for a clinical pain point of xerophthalmia and realizes synergistic intervention of intestinal regulation and eye health, but also has scientific innovation, clinical effectiveness and industrialization potential, and has important value for application of bacteria and fungicide in the field of biological medicine and treatment of ocular surface-intestinal tract related diseases.

The invention relates to a high-steam-quantity self-heating body and a steam eyeshade, the self-heating body comprises a nutrition layer and a heating layer, the nutrition layer is distributed on the inner side of the heating layer, and a temperature control breathable film I is arranged between the nutrition layer and the heating layer. The steam eyeshade has the advantages that the structure is simple, design is reasonable, the steam amount of the steam eyeshade can be obviously increased through the double-bag design, the physical thermal therapy effect is achieved, tear circulation and tear secretion are promoted, the nutritional condition of eye tissue is improved, and a certain effect is achieved for treating xerophthalmia.

The present invention relates to superoxide dismutase and its use in the prevention or treatment of dry eye. More specifically, the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition or a treatment method for preventing or treating dry eye. According to the compositions and methods of the present invention, an increase in the secretion amount selected from tear fluid can be achieved; the tear film rupture time is prolonged; minimizing ocular surface damage; goblet cells in the conjunctiva are protected; the number of immune cells and inflammatory cell factors in cornea and conjunctiva is reduced; reduction of oxidative stress in cornea, conjunctiva and lacrimal gland; and a reduction in corneal epithelial cell apoptosis, thereby being effectively used in the prevention or treatment of dry eye.

The invention belongs to the field of biological medicine, and particularly relates to a traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating xerophthalmia and relieving asthenopia and a preparation method thereof, the traditional Chinese medicine composition comprises mulberry leaf, chrysanthemum, cassia seed, wolfberry, rehmannia, dogwood, moutan bark, Chinese yam, lily, poria cocos, rhizoma alismatis, dendrobe, Chinese angelica, marigold, blueberry, lycium ruthenicum, raspberry, lutein ester and bear gall gold powder. Through the scheme, the traditional Chinese medicine composition provided by the invention can effectively treat clinical symptoms of xerophthalmia, increase tear secretion, improve fundus microcirculation and increase ciliary muscle blood flow, thereby eliminating asthenopia symptoms and improving eyesight.

The invention provides a blueberry fruit extract composition containing anthocyanin. The composition has the effects of eliminating free radicals, resisting oxidation, protecting eyes, inhibiting tear secretion reduction, relieving eyestrain and eye dryness, repairing retina, protecting eyesight, preventing and controlling myopia, improving eye blood circulation and the like.

The invention relates to the technical field of traditional Chinese medicines, in particular to a traditional Chinese medicine composition, a preparation method thereof and application of the traditional Chinese medicine composition in preparation of medicines for treating ophthalmic diseases. The traditional Chinese medicine composition provided by the invention is prepared from the following raw materials: flos chrysanthemi, concha haliotidis, semen cassiae torae, honey-fried licorice root and a component A, wherein the component A is selected from at least one of herba schizonepetae, radix puerariae and herba menthae. The composition has the effects of removing heat from the liver and purging heat, and treating red and astringent eye pain, and experiments show that the composition can improve the tear secretion amount, prolong the tear film rupture time and / or protect the corneal epithelium. The traditional Chinese medicine composition can be clinically used for treating dry eyes, asthenopia, keratoconjunctivitis, cataract and vitreous opacity.

The application is a divisional application of 2025116336025, the invention provides an application of 2, 4-dihydroxy-6-methoxyacetophenone in preparation of a medicine for treating lacrimal gland secretion dysfunction related diseases, a lacrimal gland dysfunction dry eye mouse model is constructed in the application, and liposome entrapped 2, 4-dihydroxy-6-methoxyacetophenone is adopted for intervention, so that the medicine for treating lacrimal gland secretion dysfunction related diseases is obtained. Experimental results show that the ocular surface function and structure of a model animal are remarkably improved through treatment of 2, 4-dihydroxy-6-methoxyacetophenone, the cornea sodium fluorescein staining score of a mouse in a 2, 4-dihydroxy-6-methoxyacetophenone treatment group is remarkably reduced, and cornea epithelium injury is effectively repaired; the epithelial structure in the cornea tissue tends to be complete, and inflammatory cell infiltration of a matrix layer is obviously relieved; the density of goblet cells in the conjunctiva is obviously increased, which indicates that the secretion function of the mucous layer on the ocular surface is recovered. The treatment of 2, 4-dihydroxy-6-methoxyacetophenone has an improvement trend on tear film rupture time and tear secretion amount, which indicates that the 2, 4-dihydroxy-6-methoxyacetophenone has a potential effect in the aspects of maintaining tear film stability and promoting basic tear secretion.

This invention discloses a blueberry anthocyanin nutritional solid composition for relieving eye discomfort. The composition comprises blueberry anthocyanin solid powder, algal oil powder, zinc gluconate, and selenium-enriched yeast, and may optionally contain lipid nutrients containing gamma-linolenic acid, as well as food additives and excipients. Oral administration of this composition provides the body with various nutritional supports related to ocular surface function and ocular moisture, helping to maintain tear secretion levels, improve tear film stability, and support the normal physiological state of the corneal epithelium, thereby relieving eye dryness and discomfort caused by environmental stimuli or increased eye strain. Animal experiments showed that after 14 days of continuous administration of the composition, experimental mice exhibited a significantly increased tear secretion volume compared to the control group without the composition, with an increase of approximately 165%. Corneal fluorescein staining scores were also significantly reduced, indicating improved ocular surface condition and significantly enhanced eye comfort.

The invention belongs to the technical field of medicines, and particularly relates to an active ingredient composition for treating xerophthalmia and muscae volitantes as well as a preparation method and application of the active ingredient composition. The composition is prepared from lycium barbarum polysaccharide, zeaxanthine, apigenin, luteolin, zinc gluconate, ophiopogon japonicus polysaccharide, ophiopogonin B, paeoniflorin and gallic acid according to a specific weight part ratio, all the active ingredients have a synergistic effect, the ocular surface microenvironment is improved, the vitreous opacity progress is inhibited, eye tissue damage is repaired, and the eye quality is improved. The synergistic treatment effect on the xerophthalmia and the muscae volitantes is achieved, and the symptoms such as eye dryness, eye acerbity, lacrimal secretion insufficiency, black shadow fluttering and blurred vision can be effectively relieved.

According to the application of a reagent for detecting the biomarker in preparation of a xerophthalmia diagnosis and typing detection reagent, the galectin-9 plays an important role in the occurrence and development process of the xerophthalmia, the expression level of the galectin-9 has a certain correlation with the severity of the xerophthalmia, and the galectin-9 is expected to be used as the biomarker for diagnosis and treatment of the xerophthalmia and can be used for preparing the xerophthalmia diagnosis and typing detection reagent. By detecting the expression condition of Galectin-9 in tears, early and accurate diagnosis of the dry eye and quantitative evaluation of the disease degree are achieved, in addition, Galectin-9 expressed on T cells plays an important role in immune inflammation of the dry eye, ocular surface damage of the dry eye can be relieved by locally intervening Galectin-9 through conjunctiva, and Galectin-9 serves as a novel potential target and has a good application prospect. A new way is opened up for diagnosis and treatment of xerophthalmia, a therapeutic drug or an intervention means developed for Galectin-9 can regulate immune response, inhibit inflammatory response, improve tear secretion and the like from the etiological level, and an existing xerophthalmia treatment mode is expected to be changed, so that the treatment effect is improved, the prognosis of a patient is improved, and the clinical application prospect is broad. The application prospect in the field of diagnosis and treatment of the xerophthalmia is wide, and a certain significance is achieved for improving the overall prevention and treatment level of the xerophthalmia.

The invention relates to the technical field of intelligent health equipment, in particular to multi-mode asthenopia quantification and light-nerve regulation sleep optimization equipment which comprises an asthenopia quantification module, a light regulation module, a nerve regulation module and a central control module. The visual fatigue state is accurately quantified from multiple dimensions such as blink frequency, tear secretion, eye myoelectricity and a visual regulation function through multiple monitoring units, compared with single-index evaluation, the accuracy and comprehensiveness are greatly improved, light regulation and control and nerve regulation and control technologies are combined, and the visual fatigue state is accurately quantified. Through the synergistic effect of external visual environment optimization and internal nerve regulation, the vicious circle of asthenopia and insomnia is broken through, the intervention effect is more remarkable, personalized and intelligent regulation of light regulation and nerve regulation is achieved based on an asthenopia quantification result, the requirements of different users are met, and the user experience and the intervention effect are improved.

This invention discloses the application of LGK974 in the preparation of drugs for the prevention and / or treatment of dry eye syndrome, relating to the field of biomedical technology. The application of LGK974 in the preparation of drugs for the prevention and / or treatment of dry eye syndrome. This invention is the first to discover the application of the Wnt-β-catenin pathway inhibitor LGK974 in the treatment of dry eye syndrome. LGK974, by inhibiting the Wnt-β-catenin pathway, can effectively protect meibomian gland acini and ducts, restoring normal lipid metabolism and secretion. In a NOD (Normally Ophthalmic Disorder) Sjögren's syndrome model, oral administration of 200-400 μg / kg / day of LGK974 significantly improved dry eye symptoms, including reduced corneal defects and increased tear secretion, alleviating morphological and functional damage to the meibomian glands. LGK974 provides a new targeted strategy for the treatment of dry eye syndrome, especially Sjögren's syndrome-related dry eye syndrome and meibomian gland dysfunction-related dry eye syndrome, and may become a potent and effective drug for the clinical treatment of dry eye in the future.

The application provides an eye-care composition solution for relieving visual fatigue and a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of eye-care products. The composition solution comprises the following raw materials in mass percentage: Psidium guajava fruit powder 0.4-4%; Aronia melanocarpa fruit powder 0.8-4%; dihydroquercetin 0.01-0.2%; ergothioneine 0.01-0.06%; and the balance is water. The application takes Psidium guajava fruit powder and Aronia melanocarpa fruit powder as the main body, and is supplemented by dihydroquercetin and ergothioneine for joint action, so that the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity of the eye can be improved, and the tear secretion of dry eye mice can be increased. The composition of the application produces a synergistic effect between the plant extracts and the high-efficiency active ingredients through scientific proportioning, aims to simultaneously relieve visual fatigue and improve dry eye symptoms, and has high product development value.

The utility model discloses a tear secretion promoting instrument, which relates to the technical field of medical instruments and comprises a shell, a vibrating head, a vibrating reed, a vibrating component and a processor, two ends of the vibrating reed are fixedly connected onto the shell, one side of the vibrating reed facing the shell is fixedly connected with the vibrating component, the other side of the vibrating reed is fixedly connected with one end of the vibrating head, and the other end of the vibrating head is fixedly connected with the processor. The end, away from the vibrating reed, of the vibrating head is used for making contact with a patient, the processor is in signal connection with the vibrating assembly, the vibrating assembly can vibrate and drive the vibrating reed to vibrate in the direction perpendicular to the side face of the vibrating reed, the vibrating reed can drive the vibrating head to vibrate, and the processor can adjust the vibrating frequency of the vibrating assembly. The vibration frequency of the vibration assembly is controlled through the processor, so that the vibration frequency of the vibration head is changed, the vibration frequency of the vibration head can be adjusted, and the treatment requirements of different patients are met.

The present invention provides a composition to increase tear production to relieve irritation from dry eyes, and a method for application of the composition. The composition includes at least 5% menthol and a carrier. The carrier comprises at least one of: a triglyceride oil, a medium chain triglyceride, petroleum jelly, coconut oil, olive oil, beeswax, a wax that is semi-solid at 21 C, a vegetable wax, an animal wax, a petroleum wax, a mineral wax, a synthetic wax, vaseline, lanoline, hydrogenated rosin / glyceryl diisostearate, hydrogenated polyisobutene, polyethylene, fatty acid cholesteryl, higher fatty acid esters, aliphatic alcohols, squalene, polyethyleneglycol, higher fatty acids, animal oil, and vegetable oil. The method includes delivering the composition to a user's eye.

The invention discloses traditional Chinese medicine eye pad compound essential oil for treating xerophthalmia and a preparation method of the traditional Chinese medicine eye pad compound essential oil. The essential oil is prepared from 10-15 parts of butterflybush flower essential oil, 10-15 parts of chrysanthemum essential oil, 10-15 parts of radix salviae miltiorrhizae essential oil, 3-5 parts of fructus lycii essential oil, 3-5 parts of rose essential oil, 3-5 parts of honeysuckle essential oil, 1-3 parts of peppermint oil, 1-3 parts of jojoba oil, 1-3 parts of sweet almond oil, 10-19 parts of penetration enhancer and 600 parts of purified water. The traditional Chinese medicine composition is based on traditional Chinese medicine components and is combined with the modern medicine theory, tests prove that the tear secretion amount can be increased, the pathological change of conjunctival tissues can be well improved, and the xerophthalmia can be prevented and treated.

The invention belongs to the technical field of pet supplies, and particularly discloses a composition and application thereof in preparation of a product for reducing pet tear stains, the composition can effectively reduce the tear stains, and the composition, the composition and the product all have certain anti-inflammatory effects and jointly reduce tear secretion and inflammation-related tear stains. Meanwhile, the althaea rosea extract can improve the availability of hydroxytyrosol and fucoidan polysaccharide sulfate, improve eye microcirculation and relieve eye fatigue and dryness, fucoidan polysaccharide sulfate reduces iron elements entering tears through portal vein circulation and blocks generation of porphyrin-iron compounds, hydroxytyrosol improves metabolism and accelerates ferriporphyrin metabolism, and the effect of improving eye quality is achieved. The althaea officinalis extract promotes biliary secretion and accelerates ferriporphyrin metabolism, the synergistic interaction of the althaea officinalis extract, the althaea officinalis extract, the ferriporphyrin and the althaea officinalis extract can effectively reduce formation of tear stains, the risk of eye inflammation and bacterial infection is reduced, immunity can be improved, blood circulation can be promoted, and finally the pet is helped to keep a clean and healthy eye environment.

The invention provides a construction method of a mouse dry eye model, and belongs to the technical field of animal model construction. The construction method comprises the following steps: dripping a benzalkonium chloride solution into the ocular surface of a mouse, injecting a scopolamine solution into the mouse in a subcutaneous manner, placing the mouse in a dry environment, and modeling to obtain the mouse dry eye model. The formation of the mouse dry eye model is induced through a dry environment and a compound condition of benzalkonium chloride and scopolamine. According to the mouse dry eye model, the tear secretion amount is remarkably reduced, ocular surface inflammation occurs, and the dry eye syndrome can be well simulated. The model can be used for screening medicines for treating the xerophthalmia and carrying out other researches on the xerophthalmia, and has a good application prospect.

In various implementations, a device for stimulating the lacrimal gland and optionally the meibomian gland of an eye of a user by emitting light on the retina may include a control unit and an optical system connected to the control unit and arranged in the viewing direction of the user. The optical system may include at least one light source and may be configured for providing light stimulation pulses to an eye of the user by the at least one light source. Implementations of the device may also include a power supply unit for supplying power to the control unit and / or optical system. The light stimulation pulses activate the pupillary light reflex and one or more reflexes selected from blink reflex, corneal reflex, menace reflex, and lacrimal reflex. When the device is in operation mode a light intensity gradient between the light pulses emitted by the at least one light source and the light around the eye may be maintained at 2 or more lumens. The light stimulation pulses may induce blinking of the eye of the user.

The utility model relates to a dry eye treatment device capable of promoting tear secretion. The dry eye treatment device comprises a shell, a first vibration head, a second vibration head, a vibration piece and an eccentric motor. An opening is formed in the shell, the vibrating piece is arranged on the outer side of the opening, the first vibrating head and the second vibrating head are symmetrically arranged on the outer side face of the vibrating piece, a motor base is fixedly arranged on the inner side face of the vibrating piece, and the eccentric motor is arranged on the motor base. A limiting seat is arranged at the position, close to the eccentric motor, of the inner side wall of the shell, a limiting hole is formed in the limiting seat, and a main shaft of the eccentric motor is rotationally arranged in the limiting hole. The dry eye treatment device capable of promoting tear secretion has the advantages that the dry eye treatment device capable of promoting tear secretion can be attached to the two sides of the nose of a user at the same time to conduct stimulation treatment, the attached nose side does not need to be replaced in the treatment process, use is convenient, and treatment time is saved.

The invention discloses a traditional Chinese medicine eye pad composition based on an ultrasonic extraction technology and a preparation method thereof, the core innovation of the traditional Chinese medicine eye pad composition is that an ultrasonic-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction process is adopted, and compared with a traditional extraction method, the technology has the advantages that the extraction efficiency of an active ingredient flavonoid substance is improved by 2.7 times, and the bioavailability of a medicine is remarkably improved. According to the composition, seven selected medicinal materials including saffron crocus, fructus lycii, chrysanthemum, butterflybush flower, glossy privet fruit, semen cassiae and ligusticum wallichii have a synergistic effect, after optimization extraction, the composition shows an outstanding tear secretion promoting characteristic (the tear amount is increased by 66.7%-71.4%), and the tear film rupture time can be prolonged to 14.1 + / -2.3 s, which is increased by 93.0%-100.0% compared with that of an existing preparation. According to the eye mask product developed based on the composition, efficient release of functional components is achieved through a breakthrough extraction technology, the eye mask product has the technical advantages that the effect taking time is short (the effect is achieved within 10 min), and the effect lasting time reaches 6.2 + / -0.8 h, and meanwhile the product characteristics of being free of irritation, portable and easy to use are guaranteed.

The invention relates to the technical field of traditional Chinese medicines, in particular to a hydrogel eye patch for treating xerophthalmia as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and discloses a traditional Chinese medicine composition which comprises the following components in parts by weight: 6-15 parts of ginseng, 6-15 parts of fructus alpiniae oxyphyllae, 6-15 parts of bidens bipinnata, 6-15 parts of chrysanthemum, 6-15 parts of corydalis tuber, 6-15 parts of asparagus cochinchinensis, 6-15 parts of fructus aurantii and 3-9 parts of mint. The hydrogel eye pad prepared from the traditional Chinese medicine composition can improve cornea fluorescent staining, prolong tear film rupture time and increase tear secretion, clinical symptoms of xerophthalmia patients are effectively relieved, eye irritation is small when the eye pad is used, and patient compliance is improved.

The invention discloses a traditional Chinese medicine composition capable of improving an eye regulation function, relieving eyestrain symptoms, increasing tear secretion, reducing tear inflammatory factor level and improving tear film stability, and relates to a medicine prepared by taking traditional Chinese medicines as raw materials, and the traditional Chinese medicine composition is prepared from dendrobium, semen cassiae, angelica sinensis, ligusticum wallichii, borneol, liquorice, chrysanthemum and rhizoma atractylodis. Clinical use results show that the formula has the effects of improving the eye regulation function, improving the asthenopia symptom, prolonging the tear film rupture time and increasing tear secretion, and is used for treating patients with regulation function insufficiency accompanied by dry eyes.

The invention provides a tear collecting and measuring device which comprises a rubber container and a collecting tube, the collecting tube is of a J-shaped structure, scale marks capable of measuring the secretion amount of tear are arranged on the outer side of the vertical portion of the collecting tube in the length direction of the collecting tube, the end of the vertical portion of the collecting tube is connected with the rubber container, and collection of the tear is controlled by pressing the rubber container to form negative pressure. An anti-skid structure is arranged on the outer surface of the end part of the vertical part of the collecting tube; the device can better fit the contour of the eye, so that the collecting tube can deeply enter a tear generation area, the tear is more efficiently and comprehensively collected, the tear secretion amount can be visually measured through the siphoning effect, eye diseases are diagnosed according to the tear secretion amount, the diagnosis efficiency and accuracy are improved, and the device is suitable for popularization and application. The invention provides a method for using a tear collecting and measuring device. The method is simple to operate and efficient.

This invention belongs to the field of biomedicine, specifically relating to a strain of Bifidobacterium bifidum and its application in eye health products. The Bifidobacterium bifidum (… Bifidobacterium bifidum Bifidobacterium bifidum BB00, with accession number CGMCC No. 34389, is a product of this invention. It can improve the clinical symptoms of dry eye syndrome, increase tear secretion, prolong tear film breakup time, reduce ocular surface disease index, alleviate corneal epithelial damage, and regulate palpebral fissure opening. It can also regulate the composition of the intestinal flora, increase flora diversity, and inhibit the growth of pathogenic intestinal bacteria. Bifidobacterium bifidum BB00 not only provides an innovative solution to the clinical pain point of dry eye syndrome, achieving synergistic intervention between intestinal regulation and eye health, but also possesses scientific innovation, clinical effectiveness, and industrialization potential. It has significant value for the application of bacteria and bacterial agents in the biomedical field and for the treatment of ocular surface-intestinal related diseases.

This invention relates to a small molecule compound composition and its applications, belonging to the field of biotechnology. The small molecule compound composition of this invention includes NU7441, GW9662, and D609, or their stereoisomers. This invention is the first to discover that this small molecule compound combination can effectively inhibit oxidative damage to corneal epithelial cells caused by hyperosmolarity and significantly improve the survival rate of corneal epithelial cells. In vivo animal experiments show that, compared with the control group, the experimental group of mice injected with scopolamine-induced dry eye model mice, given eye drops containing the small molecule compound combination, showed significantly reduced corneal defects and increased tear secretion. The small molecule compound combination can effectively prevent corneal epithelial damage, has high efficacy, and no obvious drug toxicity. This small molecule compound combination may become a potent and effective drug for the clinical treatment of dry eye in the future.

The invention discloses a steam eye patch and a preparation method thereof, the steam eye patch comprises an eye patch and a traditional Chinese medicine matrix liquid, the traditional Chinese medicine matrix liquid comprises the following components in parts by mass: 20-50 parts of wild chrysanthemum, 20-50 parts of golden cypress, 10-50 parts of coptis chinensis, 1-5 parts of salvia miltiorrhiza, 1-5 parts of ginseng, 1-5 parts of dendrobe, 0.00001-1 part of natural borneol, 0.00001-1 part of menthol and 0.5-2 parts of xanthan gum. The eye pad prepared by the invention combines the dual effects of physical hot compress and traditional Chinese medicine components, and various experiments prove that the eye pad can relieve meibomian gland atrophy and blockage, relieve conjunctivitis, keratitis and other inflammatory reactions, improve tear secretion and reduce xerophthalmia, and is very suitable for eye care.

The invention is a divisional application of which the application number is 2025116336025. The invention provides an application of arnica diol in preparation of a medicine for treating lacrimal gland secretion dysfunction related diseases, and relates to the technical field of biomedicine.A lacrimal gland dysfunction dry-eye mouse model is constructed, and liposome entrapped arnica diol is adopted for intervention, so that the medicine for treating lacrimal gland secretion dysfunction related diseases is obtained. Experimental results show that the ocular surface function and structure of model animals are remarkably improved through arnica glycol treatment, the sodium corneal fluorescein staining score of mice in an arnica glycol treatment group is remarkably reduced, and corneal epithelium injuries are effectively repaired; the epithelial structure in the cornea tissue tends to be complete, and inflammatory cell infiltration of a matrix layer is obviously relieved; the density of goblet cells in the conjunctiva is obviously increased, which indicates that the secretion function of the mucous layer on the ocular surface is recovered. And the arnica glycol treatment has an improvement trend on tear film rupture time and tear secretion volume, which indicates that the arnica glycol has a potential effect in the aspects of maintaining tear film stability and promoting basic tear secretion.