The invention discloses an adjustable rotary kiln heat collection system and a heat energy collection method. The adjustable rotary kiln heat collection system is composed of an upper heat collection cover, a lower heat collection cover, an adjustable lead screw, a cold air inlet, an arc-shaped sealing plate, a rotating hinged support, a hot air outlet, a diameter adjustable lead screw, a vertical support, a rotary kiln, a heat exchange channel, an annular baffle, a barrel-shaped temperature measuring and scanning device, a high-temperature fan and a pipeline. The space of the heat exchange channel and the cold air inlet volume are changed by adjusting the barrel-shaped heat collection cover, the temperature of hot air in the heat exchange channel is made to reach a set standard value, and hot air is pumped into the pipeline through the high-temperature fan from the hot air outlet. Dispersed heat can be fully recycled, the space of the heat exchange channel and the cold air inlet volume are changed by adjusting the barrel-shaped heat collection covers, and the temperature of hot air in the heat exchange channel is made to reach the set standard value, so that the requirement for drying or heating other materials is met, combustor devices for heating other materials are omitted, and investment cost is reduced.